I-polio ayiphelile . Eqinisweni, sifunde ukuthi i-polio ayiyona nje emuva; akakaze ashiye.
I-polio ingahlakazeka ingabonakali, isenze sicabange ukuthi sinqobile lesi sifo. Lesi sifo singase sivele siphakamise futhi sibonise ukuthi siyiphutha. Ehlobo lika-2016, iNigeria yajoyina iPakistan ne-Afghanistan njengezifunda ezintathu kuphela lapho kutholakala ukuthi ipholiyo isakazeka.
Kuyini Ukuphola?
Igciwane elidala i-polio yi-enterovirus.
Igciwane lisakazeka nge- fecal-ngomlomo (kusuka esitokisini kuya emlonyeni). Lokhu kungenzeka uma isikhala esincane esivela kumuntu olelekile sigcina emanzini okuphuza omunye umuntu. Akuwona wonke amanzi ahlanzekile ngokuphelele. Kungatholakala futhi ekudleni okungcolile. Kungasakazeka ngomlomo-ngomlomo, ngamathele anegciwane.
Lesi sifo sibangela ukukhubazeka ezimweni ezingavamile. Lokhu kukhubazeka kunzima, okusho ukuthi kwenzeka ngokushesha. Kubuye kube ne-flaccid, okusho ukuthi kubangela ubuthakathaka obubuthakathaka, ngokunciphisa i-muscle tone kanye ne-reflexes encishisiwe noma engekho. Ukukhubazeka kungapheli futhi akukho ukwelashwa. Ukukhubazeka kubonakala ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-1% (cishe ku-1 kubantu abangu-200 abanesifo). Labo abathintekayo bavame ukuba abantwana abancane. Kulabo abakhubazekile, ama-5-10% angafa ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula.
Ezimweni eziningi, labo abathola igciwane abanakho izimpawu. Ngokusho kwe-CDC, abangu-72 kwabangu-100 abathintekayo abanakho izimpawu.
Abangu-25 ku-100 bazoba nezimpawu ezincane ezihamba ngezinsuku ezimbalwa zodwa. Izimpawu zihlanganisa umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane, isicanucanu, ukukhathala, ubuhlungu bekhanda, ubuhlungu besisu. Kulabo abasala ku-100, abanye bazoba nezikhonkwane nezinaliti noma umuzwa wobuthakathaka; abanye bayoba nokuvuvukala kwama-mening azungeze ubuchopho bawo, okuthiwa i-meningitis.
Ngokuvamile, iningi labantu abanesandulela ngculaza ngeke likwazi ukuthi linalo. Kodwa-ke, akekho ofuna igciwane elizobona ukuthi laba bantu basulelekile.
I-polio yisifo esiseduze sokuqeda.
Yini Yzima Kangako Ngokuyeka I-Polio?
Ukuvimbela isifo sofuba ngokuphathelene nokuthola amacala, ukuyeka ukudluliselwa ngokuhlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanzekile nokuhlanzeka, nokuvikela ukungakhulelwe (ukugoma). Lapho enye yalezi zihluleka, ezinye zidinga ngisho nangaphezulu. Ngeshwa, kunjalo, kunzima ukugoma futhi kuhlinzekwe ukubhekwa lapho kungekho khona ukuthuthwa kwendle nokuqina kwamanzi.
- Ukubhekwa ngokucophelela kunzima kakhulu lapho kuyadingeka kakhulu. Kunzima ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezinokuphepha, ukuxubha, ukungabi khona kwezinsizakalo zokuhlanza amanzi kanye namanzi ahlanzekile. Lezi yizindawo lapho isifo sofuba singasakazwa khona.
- Ukugonywa kunzima kakhulu lapho kuyadingeka kakhulu. Izindawo ezibhekene nengozi ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuphepha kanye nobuphofu ngokuvamile ziyizindawo lapho kugonywa khona ukugoma. Ukugonywa kuyadingeka kakhulu kulabo abanokuncane.
- Ukuqapha kungaphelele. Ukubhekwa ngokweqile kungabona kuphela lezo zimo ngokukhubazeka. Amacala amaningi okukhubazeka (ngisho nokukhubazeka okukhulu, ama-flaccid ukukhubazeka) angeke abe ngenxa yesifo sofuba lapho kungekho ukuphazamiseka. Amacala amaningi epholio awabangeli ukukhubazeka, noma. Ngakho ukubhekwa kuzolandela amacala amaningi angekho ukuphola futhi ngeke aqale ukukhomba wonke amacala okutheleleka ngegciwane.
Kwenzekani eNigeria?
Kwakufanele kube yisikhumbuzo sesibili saseNigeria (ngakho-ke i-Afrika) sibe yi-wildtype polio-free. Esikhundleni salokho, amacala amabili e-polio e-wildtype atholakala esifundazweni sase Borno eNyakatho yeNigeria. I-polio yahlonzwa ezindaweni ezimbili ezihlukene zesifunda saseBredo. Labo kulezi zindawo bebengathintana nomunye nomunye.
Ingane ethintekayo yengculaza okuthiwa i-acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) e-Borno maphakathi noJulayi. Igciwane laphinde litholakala oxhumana nabo abasondelene naleso sane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-wildtype virus ehlobene nayo yabonakala komunye ekuxhumaneni okude (futhi okunempilweni) othintana nengane eyakha izimpawu ze-AFP ngesonto ngaphambi kukaJulayi kwenye indawo kuhulumeni.
Iyini indaba eNigeria?
Ukuqukethwe njalo kubalulekile ngezifo ezithathelwanayo. Ipholiyo ivame ukushaya lapho abantu bebuthakathaka kakhulu. Yilapho engasakazeka khona.
I-Boko Haram, iqembu lamaphekula, liye laholela kubantu abaningi abangenakho ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zezempilo abadinga. I-Boko Haram ingenye yeqembu lamaqembu amaphekula emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kwenezela ekulimazeni okubangelwa.
Lezi zigameko zahlonishwa ngesikhathi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2,5 abaye bahlala ezindaweni ezingasenyakatho yeNigeria ngenxa yokungalondeki okuhlobene neqembu lamaphekula, iBoko Haram. Abaningi baye bacela isiphephelo enhloko-dolobha yaseBoto, ephindwe kabili ngobukhulu. Kukhona imigwaqo ebhekwa njengengozi kakhulu ukushayela; izimakethe ezivaliwe. Iningi (90%) lihlala ngaphandle kwamakamu asemthethweni.
Njengoba iBoko Haram iphindwe emuva kuleli hlobo ngezempi zaseNigeria, lezi zindlela zingasetshenziswa futhi izindawo ezintsha zifinyeleleke. Amaqembu ezokusiza kanye namasosha ayeza kulezi zindawo ezingenakufinyeleleka wabona abantu abaningi abalambile kakhulu futhi bengondlekile. Babedinga amanzi ahlanzekile nezinye izinsizakalo. Lezi yizona zonke izidingo eziphuthumayo ezazidinga usizo olusheshayo, olwenziwa nguhulumeni kanye namaqembu okusiza.
Kunzima Ukubheka Ipholiyo Lapho Kungenzeka Kakhulu Kube Khona
Ukubhekwa ngokubhekiselwe kwe-Flaccid Paralysis ye-Acute (AFP) okungeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule ezindaweni ezingenakufinyeleleka. Lezi zindawo lapho ukukhathazeka okusheshayo kwakukhona kokudla, ukuphepha, namanzi ahlanzekile.
Ukubhekwa kwe-AFP, ngokwalo, kuyindlela engaphelele yokubhekwa. Amacala amaningi okutheleleka nge-polio ngeke aholele ekukhubazekeni (kuphela ngo-4-5% oguga, ngaphansi kwe-1% jikelele kuzoba yinkimbinkimbi). Ngokufanayo, izimo eziningi ze-AFP zibangelwa okuthile ngaphandle kwepholio (ngaphandle kokuqubuka, okungukuthi). I-AFP kufanele ibikwe ngisho nalapho kungekho khona amapholiyo, njengoba kuzoba khona amacala angenayo ipholio.
Yini Esingaziyo Ngayo I-Virus Eyitholile?
Igciwane lihlobene negciwane elaseNigeria eminyakeni emihlanu edlule.
I-WPV1 (i-Wildtype virus ye-polio 1) - kodwa kunjalo nazo zonke izimo emhlabeni. I-Nigeria yokugcina yayine-WPV1 ehlonzwe ngo-2014 kwenye indawo eNyakatho yeNigeria. I-WPV1 yagcina ibonwe ku-Borno esigulini ngo-2012.
Okuthakazelisayo mayelana nezinkinga ze-WPV1 ezihlukanisiwe manje eNigeria ukuthi zihlangene eduze nobunzima kusukela ngo-2011. Lokhu kusho kuwe iminyaka emihlanu edlule, kungenzeka ukuthi i-wildtype polio i-Afrika ngaphandle kokubonakala.
Ingabe Lokhu Kubuyiselwa Okukhulu Ekulwa Nokulondeka?
Noma yiliphi icala elisha liyi-backback. Noma yiliphi izwe elisanda kuba necala liyi-backback. Noma yiliphi izwekazi elisanda kutholakala icala liyi-backback. Kulesi simo, kwakukhona icala elisha ezweni elisha, kwizwekazi elisha. I-Nigeria ne-Afrika sebefinyelele eminyakeni engaba ngu-2 ngaphandle kwecala.
Ukuze ubuyekeze lokhu kubuyiselwa emuva, kube nenqubekela phambili enkulu ekuqedeni ipholiyo. Amanye ama-strap WPV amabili awazange abonwe kule planethi eminyakeni. I-WPV3 igcine ukubonakala ngoNovemba, 2012 nakwezinye izindawo eNigeria. I-WPV2 yagcina ibonakala ngo-1999 e-India futhi yamemezelwa ukuthi inqotshwa ngo-2016; umshini ophikisiwe ophikisiwe uhlobo lwesigaba 2 usetshenziselwe ukususwa, ngokufanayo, kusuka ku- OPV (i-oral oral polio Vaccine) equkethe amagciwane aphikisiwe okungafani ne- IPV ejojelwe (Umgomo Wokugoma I-Polio) .
Uhlobo lwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi luzosuswa emhlabeni wonke kusuka ku-OPV ngoba
- Izinkinga ezintathu emgodini ngamunye zihambisana nezinkinga ezintathu ze-wildtype
- Akusekho isidingo sokuvikelwa ku-WPV2 eqedwe
- Ukususwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza eliphikisiwe kunganciphisa ingozi yesikhathi eside sokuqhamuka kwe-Vaccination of Vaccine-Derived Virus type 2 (cVDPV2), okwenzeke eNigeria esikhathini esidlule futhi kuyinkinga evame kakhulu yokuhlukunyezwa kwe-CVDPV
- Ukuze kugcinwe ingculazi emiphakathini ephezulu engozini, i-IPV ingasetshenziselwa ukuvikelwa kwe-VDPV2.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ingozi yegciwane elibuthakathaka (noma igciwane elihlobene) liye lalinganiselwe yizinzuzo ze-OPV kanye nezingozi zegciwane lesandulela ngculaza elingavunyelwe.
Kodwa, Linda, Lokho Kungase Kube Khona
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kunezikhala emanzini nasekuhlanzeni, kuhlale kungengozi yokutholakala kwepholi ngamanzi. I-polio isakazwa "fecal-oral". Lokhu kungafaka ukusabalala ngamanzi.
E-Borno, ukubhekwa okunye kuboniswe esikhathini esidlule imithi yokugoma igciwane lesandulela ngculaza (i-cVDPV). U-Borno wayenokuhlukaniswa kwemvelo ye-Poliovirus (etholakala ngo-2) ngo-Ephreli, okungeyona isimanga. Kodwa-ke, kwakuyisikhathi sokuqala lo mbono obonwe kusukela umuthi wokugonywa ushintshiwe ukuze ungafaki lolu hlu ngo-2016. Lokhu kwaholela ekugunyazweni kokugonywa kwe-OPV2 e-Monovalent eNigeria evela kwisitoreji somhlaba wonke.
Naphezu kokuphazamiseka nokutholakala kokugoma okungaphelele, akekho oshiwo ukuthi unecala le-cVDPV ngo-2016. Lezi zimo zingabonakala uma izinga lokugoma liphansi lapho kungekho khona amacala we-wildtype, njengeLao, Ukraine, iGuinea / Mali, iMadagascar, futhi IMyanmar ibonile kusukela ngo-2015. I-Borno yabona okungenani amacala ayishumi nambili we-CVDPV ngo-2014 futhi okungenani icala elilodwa ngo-2015. Ngakho kuyoba mnandi ukubuka amacala e-VDPV futhi ubone ukuthi lokhu kuzoba nomthelela kanjani impendulo ezayo.
Konke, Khona-ke, Ingabe Intuthuko Yenziwa?
Ngempela.
Ngo-2013, ama-256 angama-wild cases amisiwe kulawa mazwe amathathu - kanti abanye abangu-5 (eSomalia, eSiriya, e-Ethiopia, eKenya naseCameroon). Ngo-2014, kwakunezinhlobo ezingu-359 zasendle, kodwa kuphela ezingu-19 kuphela ezitholakala emazweni angaphandle kwamazwe amathathu aphelile (eSomalia, Ethiopia, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Iraq, Syria). Ngo-2015, kwakukhona amacala angu-74, kuphela emazweni aphelile; akukho lutho olutholakala ngaphandle kwe-Afghanistan ne-Pakistan.
Ngisho kangcono, kungase kube khona uhlobo olulodwa lwezinhlobo zasendle oluqhubekayo emhlabeni wonke.
Thayipha i-poliovirus ye-2 engekho "endle". Icala lokugcina labonakala ngo-1999 eNdiya. Kubikiwe ukuthi kuqedwe.
Thayipha i-poliovirus ye-3 (WPV3) kungenzeka futhi isuke "endle". Icala lokugcina uhlobo lweWPV3 sabonakala ngo-2012 ePakistan.
Izimo zasendle zakamuva zakamuva zonke zifake u-1 (WPV1).