Amashejuli okugoma ahlukahluka ngamazwe, futhi ngokuvamile, uhlelo oluphakanyisiwe luncike ohlobo lomuthi wokugoma, lesi sifo umgogodla wenzelwe, kanye nengane yengane lapho umgomo ungasiza khona. Ukugonywa kuklanyelwe ukuvikela izingane nezingane uma zisengozini kakhulu (ezisekuqaleni kokuphila) futhi ngaphambi kokuba zithole izifo ezingasongela ukuphila.
Uhlelo lokugoma lwezingane
Uhlelo olusha lokugoma olwenzelwe abantwana yiCenter for Disease Control, i-American Academy of Pediatrics, kanye neKomidi Elilulekayo Emisebenzini Yokugoma, lithi ngesikhathi izingane e-United States ziqala inkulisa, kufanele zithole:
- 3 Ukulinganiselwa kwe- hepatitis B
- 2 noma 3 amanani okugoma ngomlomo we-rotavirus (Rotarix noma i-RotaTeq)
- Amanani ama-5 we-vaccine DTaP
- 3 noma 4 amanani omgomo wokuHib
- Amanani angu-4 we-Prevnar 13
- Amanani omuthi wokugoma i-polio
- 2 amanani okugonywa kwe-MMR
- Amanani amabili okugonywa kwenkukhu (Varivax)
- Umthamo wokugoma we-hepatitis A
- Imishanguzo yaminyaka yonke yempukane, etholakalayo njenge-spray yangasese uma izingane zingenani okungenani iminyaka emibili ubudala
Inani lezinyosi ezidingekayo emigomeni ye-rotavirus ne-Hib incike kunoma yikuphi umuthi wokugoma osetshenzisiwe. Amanani ambalwa adingekayo ku-Rotarix (rotavirus) nePedvaxHIB ne-Comvax (Hib) imigomo.
Izingane zingathola futhi izibhamu ezimbalwa uma kusetshenzwa imishanguzo yokuhlanganiswa , njenge:
- I-Pediarix, inhlanganisela ye-DTaP, IPV, nokugonywa kwe-hepatitis B
- I-ProQuad , inhlanganisela ye-MMR ne-Varivax
- I-Pentacel, inhlanganisela ye-DTaP, i-IPV, ne-Hib
- I-Kinrix , inhlanganisela ye-DTaP ne-IPV
Izingane kufanele zibe nama-booster shots uma zineminyaka engu-11 kuya kweyishumi nambili ubudala:
- Isilinganiso esingu-1 se- Tdap
- Umthamo ongu-1 weMenactra noma i-Menveo, onomthamo we-booster eneminyaka engu-16
- Ama-3 we-HPV wokugoma (amantombazane kuphela)
Izibalo zokugoma
Enye indlela yokucabanga ngesimiso sokugoma ngukuthi lapho beqala ukubhalisa, izingane eziningi zizothola imishanguzo eminingi yemigomo engu-10 ukuze ivikele izifo ezi-14 ezivimbela ukugoma .
Kungani lokhu kungcono kunomgomo wokugoma kusukela ngo-1980 lapho izingane zithola ama-10 amanani okugoma okuyi-3 (1983) noma amanani angu-11 emithi yokugoma (1989)?
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi babe nezibhamu ezimbalwa ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa isibalo esibaluleke kakhulu yizinombolo eziphakeme kakhulu zokutheleleka okuningi manje ezivinjelwe ngemigomo abantu (ikakhulukazi izingane) ababa nayo minyaka yonke ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale umgomo wokuzivikela, njenge:
- I-pneumonia, i-meningitis, kanye nokutheleleka kwegazi emabhaktheriya eStreptococcus pneumoniae - amacala angu-63,067 nabangu-6 500 abafa
- I-Meningitis, i-epiglottitis, nezinye izifo ezimbi ezivela ku- Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b (Hib) amabhaktheriya - amacala angu-20 000 nokufa okungu-1 000
- I-Hepatitis A - amacala angu-117 333, ama-hospitali angu-6 863, kanye nokufa kuka-137
- I-Hepatitis B - amacala angu-66 232, abantu abangu-7,348 esibhedlela, nabangu-237 abafa
- I-Rotavirus gastroenteritis - amacala ayizigidi ezingu-3, izibhedlela ezingu-70, nokufa kwabantu abangu-20 kuya ku-60
- I-Chickenpox - amacala angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4, izibhedlela ezingu-10 000 kanye nokufa kwabantu abangu-100
Indlela YaseYurophu Ngayo
Yiqiniso, akuwona wonke umuntu emhlabeni olandela uhlelo lwe-CDC lokugoma. Abanye abantu bathanda ukuveza ukuthi amanye amazwe anemishanguzo yokugoma ngamagciwane ambalwa, njengeDenmark, Sweden, Finland, nase-Iceland. Kodwa ingabe amashejuli abo okugoma ahlukile?
Ngokusho kweBhodi likaZwelonke lezeMpilo kanye nezenhlalakahle eSweden, zonke izingane "zinikezwa ukugonywa kwezifo eziyisishiyagalolunye ezibi kakhulu: i-diphtheria, i-tetanus, ukukhwehlela, isifo sofuba, ukutheleleka kwe-Hib (i- Haemophilius influenzae uhlobo B), ukutheleleka kwe-pneumococcal, isishukela, izimpungushe, ne-rubella Kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2010, wonke amantombazane azalwa ngo-1999 noma kamuva ahlinzekwa nokugoma ngokumelene nokutheleleka nge-papillomavirus yomuntu (HPV).
Izingane ezisengozini enkulu yokutheleleka noma ukugula okujulile zinikezwa ukugoma ngokumelene nesifo sofuba, isifo sofuba, umkhuhlane kanye nokutheleleka kwe- pneumococcal (uma kungenjalo kakade igonywe njengezinsana). "
Futhi ngokusho kohlelo lweNational Finnish Vaccination Programme, izingane zaseFinland zithola umuthi wokugoma i-rotavirus, i-DTaP, i-IPV (i-polio), i-Hib, i-MMR, umuthi wokugoma we-Pneumococcal conjugate kanye nomgomo wokugoma waminyaka yonke. Izingane ezinamaqembu aphakeme kakhulu zigonywe ukulwa nesifo sofuba (BCG), isibindi se-B, nesifo se-hepatitis A.
I-Iceland iye yanezela umgomo wokugoma we- Streptococcus pneumoniae , futhi abanye bafunda ukuyifaka maduzane.
Ngakho umehluko omkhulu emishinini eminingi yokugoma eYurophu ukungabikho komuthi wokugoma umkhuhlane wezinkukhu kanye nokugoma okuhloswe ngokumelene ne-hepatitis A kanye ne-hepatitis B, ngenkathi sisebenzisa izinhlelo zokugoma eziphikisana nazo lezi zifo ezivimbela ukugoma ngemuva kwemikhankaso ehlulekile yokugoma emikhankaso yokugoma.
Lokhu kunengqondo, kusukela:
- I-Hepatitis A ayiyona eyimvelo emazweni amaningi aseYurophu
- I-Hepatitis B ivame ukutholakala emaqenjini amabizo ahlelwe kahle kakhulu emazweni amaningi aseYurophu
Kodwa-ke, amazwe amaningi, njengeSpain, asele anikeze ukugonywa kwe-hepatitis B, aqala ukunikeza igciwane le-HPV emantombazaneni asencane, futhi anikeze imithi yokugoma yenkukhu kubafana uma bengenayo inkukhu yezinkukhu okwamanje.
Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu asafunda ingozi ngokuhambisana nokuhlaziywa kokuhlomula kokusebenzisa umuthi wokugoma we-rotavirus njalo.
Ukuthatha okukhulu okuvela kulawa mazwe akukhona ukuthi basebenzisa izibhamu ezimbalwa; yilokho umsebenzi omuhle abawenza ekugonyeni izingane zabo. E-Finland, izibalo zokuhlinzeka ngegciwane zikhombisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-98 kuya kwangu-99 wezingane agonywa.
Futhi, amazwe amaningi anemishanguzo yokugoma efana ne-CDC yokugoma. Kusukela ngo-2007, izinsana zase-Australia, isibonelo, zithole imishanguzo emihlanu ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala, njengase-United States-hepB, DTaP, Hib, IPV, Prevnar 7, kanye nomgomo wokulwa ne-rotavirus.
Amashejuli Wokugoma Okunye
Ezinye izinhlelo zokugoma ezikhona ukuthi abanye abantu baqhubeke ukukhuthaza zihlanganisa:
- Umsebenzisi-Umngane Wokugoma Okunomsoco - Kusukela eneminyaka emibili ubudala, ngesinye isikhathi, uthole i- pertussis ngayinye, i-diphtheria, i-tetanus, bese i-IPV (ipholoyo) idonsela njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, yize i-pertussis ngayinye, i-diphtheria, ne-tetanus idubula ayitholakali
- I-Dr. Bob's Alternative Vaccine Schedule -Izikhala eziphuma emigodini ukuze izinsana zingatholi ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezimbili, kodwa kufanele zithole izibhamu zanyanga zonke, kubambezeleka ukugoma kwe-hepatitis A ne-hepatitis B kuze kube yilapho izingane sezikhulile, futhi zincoma imilenze yomuntu ngamunye, amathunjwa, ama-rubella isibhamu esikhundleni sokugonywa kwe-MMR
Abazali kufanele baqonde ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlelo oluthile lunganciphisa yini imiphumela yocingo lokugoma, noma ngisho nokuvikela ukuvikeleka okuvimbela ukugoma (ukulibaziseka ukuthola izibhamu kungashiya ingane yakho ingakhuselekanga futhi ingozi yokuthola ukutheleleka okuvimbela ukugonywa), ingafundwa futhi ingavunyelwe.
Imithombo:
Isikhungo Sokulawulwa Nokuvimbela Izifo. I-United States 2016 Imiklomelo Yokugonywa Ngabantu Abadala 0 Ngeminyaka Engama-18.
I-American Academy of Pediatrics. I-Schedule yokugoma.
UMnyango WezeMpilo Kahulumeni wase-Australia kanye nokuguga. Uhlelo lokuHlelo lukazwelonke lokuGoma.
I-Finland National Institute for Health and Welfare. Imithi e-Finland.
Isikhathi eside: Izimiso Nezenzo Zezifo Ezithathelwanayo Zengculazi Ukuphrinta Okubukeziwe, 3rd ed. - 2009.
I-MMWR: Ukuvotelwa Kwezemvelo Kuzwelonke, kuHulumeni, naseKhaya Phakathi Kwezingane Ezikhulile 19-35 Izinyanga - i-United States, 2009. i-MMWR. September 17, 2010/59 (36); 1171-1177.
I-Sweden National Board of Health and Welfare. Ukugonywa eSweden.