Uma kunikezwa ukugoma, izingane eziningi zakha imishanguzo engabasiza ukuba balwe nezifo ezithile eziphathelene nesandulela ngculazi, njenge-hepatitis B, i-polio, kanye nesimungumungwane, njll, noma izifo ezithathelwana ngamabhaktheriya, kuhlanganise ne-tetanus, i-pertussis (ukukhwehlela okukhwehlela), ne-diphtheria, njll.
Nakuba kube khona abantu abaye baphikisana nemigomo, abantu abaningi bacabanga ngemithi yokugoma njengenye yempumelelo enkulu yezempilo yekhulu lama-20.
Umlando Wezinsana
- U-Edward Jenner uqhuba ukuhlolwa ngo-1796 okwaholela ekusungulweni komgomo wokugoma we-smallpox eminyakeni embalwa kamuva bese ushintsha ukuhlukahluka njengendlela yokuvimbela isikhukhumba
- Umgomo wokulwa nesifo sofuba usungulwa nguLouis Pasteur ngo-1885
- Imishanguzo yekholera ne-typhoid yasungulwa ngo-1896 nomgomo wokugoma ngo-1887
- Umuthi wokuqala wokugoma i-diphtheria ukhiwa cishe ngo-1913 ngomsebenzi ka-Emil Adolf Behring, uWilliam Hallock Park nabanye
- Imithi yokuqala ye-whole-cell pertussis yenziwa ngo-1914, nakuba kuyothatha amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe kabanzi
- Umuthi wokugoma i-tetanus uthuthukiswa ngo-1927
- Izingane ezingu-12 ziyafa lapho ibhodlela lokusebenzisa imithi ye-diphtheria elingenalo i-preservative lagcotshwa ngamabhaktheriya eNhlekelele yaseQueensland ngo-1928
- UMax Theiler uqala ukugoma komuthi wokuqala we-yellow fever ngo-1936
- i-AAP ivumela ngokusemthethweni ukusebenzisa umgomo wokuphefumula owawwenziwa uPearl Kendrick noGrace Eldering ngo-1943
- Umuthi wokugoma wokuqala ulayisensi wokusetshenziswa e-US ngo-1945
- Umuthi ngamunye we-diphtheria, i-tetanus, ne-pertussis uhlangene nomgomo owodwa we-DTP ngo-1948
- I-Salk engasetshenziswanga ukugoma i-polio (i-IPV) isungulwa ngo-1955
- Abantwana abangaba ngu-200 bathuthukisa i-polio ngo-1955 kusuka emigodini ye-polio engcolile kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Cutter Incident
- Umgomo wokuphilisa i-Sabin ophilayo, okhulunywe ngomlomo (OPV) ubeka esikhundleni sokugonywa kwe-Salk ngo-1962
- Umgomo wokugonywa wokuqala wegciwane lesigqebhezana wawuvunyelwe ngo-1963 kodwa wenziwa esikhundleni segciwane lesigqebhezana esasimisiwe esabangela imiphumela emibi ngo-1968
- Imithi yokugoma i-MMR itholakale ngo-1971, ihlangene nemigomo yokuyisimungumungwane, i-mumps (ilayisensi ngo-1967), ne-rubella (1969), futhi yayinikezwa njalo lapho izinsana zinezinyanga ezingaba ngu-15 ubudala
- Ukugoma njalo ngama-vacpox vaccine ku-US ngo-1972
- I-Pneumovax , umgomo wokuqala we-pneumococcal ovikela izingane kanye nabantu abadala kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezithile ze-Streptococcus pneumoniae amabhaktheriya avunyelwe ngo-1971 futhi unikezwa izingane ezinobungozi obuphezulu
- I-Thirty-Third World Health Assembly ithi isibhokisi siqedwa ngo-1979
- I-Menomune, umuthi wokugoma wokuqala we-meningococcal uvunyelwe ngo-1981 futhi kunconywa izingane ezingenabungozi kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni kufakwa uMenactra
- Ukugonywa kwe-hepatitis B etholakala nge-plasma ilayisensi ngo-1981
- I-Roulette ye-Vaccine , ingxenye yezindaba ephikisanayo, i-airs ngo-1982 futhi izama ukuhlanganisa umgomo we-DPT onokulimala okungapheliko, unciphisa izingozi ze-pertussis isifo futhi usize ukuqala iningi lezinsuku zokulwa nomgomo wamanje
- Umuthi wokugoma we-Haemophilus b capsular polysaccharide uvunyelwe ngo-1985, kodwa ngeshwa awuhlinzeki ukuvikeleka okuhle kwabantwana abangaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-18 kuya kwezi-24, abasengozini enkulu yeHaemophilus influenzae Uhlobo b lwesifo
- Ukugonywa kwe-recombinant hepatitis B (Recombivax HB) kuvunyelwe ngo-1986 kodwa kuphakanyiswa kuphela ukuthi kusetshenziswe kulabo abasengozini enkulu yokutheleleka
- Omunye umuthi wokugoma we-hepatitis B, u-Engerix-B, uvunyelwe ngo-1989
- Umuthi wokugoma we-Haemophilus b conjugate (PRP-D) uvunyiwe ngo-1988 ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka ekubhekaneni nesifo seHaemophilus influenzae type b kuzo zonke izingane okungenani izinyanga ezingu-18 ubudala, kodwa ngo-1990, zishintshwa imishanguzo emibili ye-Hib conjugate (PRP-HbOC) kanye ne-PRP-OMP) enganikezwa ezinsaneni ezincane ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala
- I-MMR iphakanyiswa okokuqala ngo-1989, kodwa kuphela izingane ezihlala ezigodini ezinenani okungenani ezingu-5 zesimungumungwane. Isimiso se-dose 2 se-MMR asizange sisetshenziswe kuzo zonke izingane kuze kube ngo-1994.
- Isistimu Yokubika Izenzakalo Ezingalungile Zokugoma (VAERS) yasungulwa ngo-1990
- Imishanguzo ye-hepatitis B ne-Hib inconywa kuzo zonke izinsana ngo-1991
- Umgomo wokuvikela i-DTaP, okumele ube nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kune-DTP ilayisensi, futhi ngo-1997 ubeka esikhundleni se-DTP kuwo wonke amanani adingekayo, nakuba i-DTP engakaze iboniswe ukuthi ibangele ukulimala noma ukulimala komqondo, njengoba kwakunjalo ku- Vaccine Roulette
- I-WHO ithi i-polio isusiwe eNtshona Hemisphere ngo-1994
- Umgomo wokuvikela izingane ngokumelene nenkukhu yezinkukhu (Varivax) ilayisensi ngo-1995
- I-VAQTA, ukugonywa kokuqala kwe-hepatitis A kuvunywe yi-FDA ngo-1996 ngezingane ezingenani okungenani kweminyaka emibili ubudala kodwa ikakhulukazi zinikezwa izingane ezisengozini enkulu yokuthola isifo sofuba A
- I-Salk engasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela i-polio (i-IPV) iphinde iphakanyiselwe izingane futhi ithathe indawo yokugoma komlomo we-polio (OPV) ngo-1996 ngenxa yengozi encane yokulwa nokukhubazeka okuhlobene nokukhubazeka (VAPP), ngokuqala isimiso sokugoma se-IPV-OPV esifanayo. bese uya esimisweni sonke se-IPV ngo-2000
- I-RotaShield, umuthi wokugoma wokuqala we-rotavirus unikezwe ilayisensi ngo-1998 kodwa maduzane uhoxisiwe emakethe ngo-1999 ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa nengozi eyengeziwe yokwehla komzimba, uhlobo lokuvimbela isisu
- I-LYMErix, igciwane lesifo seLyme, ilayisensi ngo-1998
- UDkt Andrew Wakefield ushicilela umbiko emaphepheni weLancet ezama ukuxhumanisa i-MMR ne-autism
- I-thimerosal isuswe eminengi yemigomo ngesikhathi sokugonywa kwabantwana ngo-1999 no-2000
- Isimungumungwane esiphelele simenyezelwe sichitha e-United States ngo-2000
- Ukuzivocavoca, umgomo omusha we-pneumococcal ongakaze ube ne-thimerosal, unikezwe ilayisense ngo-2000 futhi wenezelwa ohlelweni lokugoma ngonyaka ozayo
- I-LYMErix iphuma emakethe ngenxa yokuthengisa okwanele ngo-2002
- I-Flumist, umuthi wokugoma ophilayo ophilayo, we-intranasal, uvunyelwe ngo-2004
- I-rubella engapheli ibonakala iqedwa e-United States ngo-2004
- Umkhuhlane odutshulwa kuwo wonke abantwana onempilo phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-6 no-23 waba yisinconywa esisemthethweni sonyaka ka-2004-05 wempuphu.
- Kusukela ngonyaka ka 2004-05 umkhuhlane, kunconywa ukubhema komkhuhlane kubesifazane abazokhulelwa phakathi nenkathi yempukane, kunoma yiliphi i-trimester, elihlukile kunezincomo zangaphambilini zokugoma komkhuhlane uma owesifazane eyoba ngaphezu kwe-trimester yokuqala ukukhulelwa phakathi nenkathi yempukane. Ngeshwa, noma ngabe besesimweni esingozi kakhulu, cishe kuphela ama-13% wabesifazane abakhulelwe abathola umuthi wokugoma ngo-2003.
- I-Havrix, omunye umuthi wokugoma we-hepatitis A, uvunyelwe ngo-2005 kanti isibonakaliso sesikhathi sokubili imishanguzo ye-hepatitis A sincishiselwa ezinyangeni ezingu-12.
- I-Menactra, umgomo wokuvikela izinhlobo ezithile zezifo ze-meningococcal ilayisensi ngo-2005 futhi wengezwa ohlelweni lokugoma ngonyaka ka-2006, kunconywa bonke abaneminyaka engu-11 kuya kweyishumi nambili noma lapho bengena esikoleni esiphakeme
- Ukugonywa kwe-Tdap (i-Boostrix noma i-Adacel) Kunconywa ukuba intsha kanye nabantu abadala bakwazi ukuwavikela kusuka e-pertussis ngo-2006 futhi esikhundleni somuthi wokugoma we-Td odlule owawusebenza ngokumelene ne-tetanus ne-diphtheria
- I-RotaTeq, enye imithi yokugoma i-rotavirus, ilayisensi ngo-2006 futhi yengezwa ohlelweni lokugoma ngonyaka ka-2007
- Umuthi wokugoma we-hepatitis A wanezelwa ohlelweni lokugoma lokugonywa kwabantwana ngo-2006
- I-Gardasil, umgomo wokuqala we-HPV, uvunyelwe ngo-2006
- Umthamo wesibili wesisindo somjovo wokugonywa kwenkukhu wengezwa ohlelweni lokugoma ngonyaka ka 2007 ukusiza ukuvimbela izifo ezithathelwanayo
- Enye imithi yokugoma i-rotavirus, i-RotaRix, ivunyelwe ngo-2008
- Omunye umgomo we-HPV, iCervarix, uvunyelwe ngo-2009
- Enye imithi yokuvimbela imithi, i-Menveo, ivunyelwe ngo-2010
- Inguqulo entsha ye-Prevnar, engakwazi ukuhlinzekwa ngokumelene nezinkinga ezingu-13 zebhaktheriya ye-pneumococcal, ivunyelwe futhi ingena esikhundleni se-version endala (Isikhathi esandulela 7) ngo-2010
- I-Fluzone Intradermal ne-Fluzone High-Dose yizinketho ezimbili zomuthi wokugoma otholakala ngo-2011
- Umuthi wokugoma ovikela ngokubili u-Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b no-Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C no-Y bavunyiwe yi-FDA ngo-2013. I-MenHibrix inconywa ngezingane ezisengozini enkulu yezifo ze-meningococcal.
- Imishanguzo yemifucumfucu emine, evimbela eminye imikhakha yesifo somkhuhlane, iyatholakala ngesikhathi sonyaka ka-2013-14
- I-Trumenba, ukugoma kokuqala okuvikela ukulwa nesifo se-serogroup B Meningococcal kuvunywe yi-FDA (Okthoba 2014). Ngaphambili, i-Bexsero, ukugonywa kwe-MenB okuvunyelwe kwamanye amazwe, kunikezwe abafundi bekolishi ngesikhathi sokuqubuka ngaphansi kohlelo lokufinyelela lwe-FDA olwandisiwe lwemikhiqizo yophenyo. Bobabili manje banconywa yi-ACIP kulabo abasengozini enkulu yokutheleleka kwe-meningococcal serogroup B.
- I-Gardasil 9 ivunyiwe yi-FDA (Disemba 2014) ukuhlinzeka ukuvikelwa ezinhlotsheni ezinhlanu ze-HPV.
Imishanguzo yezinhlanganisela
Ngaphandle kwale migomo emisha, imishanguzo eminingana entsha yokuhlanganiswa iye yasungulwa eminyakeni eminingi, kufaka phakathi:
- I-Tetramune , inhlanganisela ye-DTP ne-Hib, ka-1993
- I-Comvax , inhlanganisela ye-Hib ne-Hepatitis B, ngo-1996
- I-Pediarix , inhlanganisela ye-DTaP, IPV, nokugonywa kwe-hepatitis B, ngo-2004
- I-ProQuad , inhlanganisela ye-MMR no-Varivax, ngo-2006
- I-Pentacel , inhlanganisela ye-DTaP, i-IPV, ne-Hib, ngo-2008
- I-Kinrix , inhlanganisela ye-DTaP ne-IPV, ngo-2008
Nakuba bengashintshi inani lemithi yokugoma izingane zakho zithola, imishanguzo yokuhlanganiswa inganciphisa inani lezibhamu ayithola ngesikhathi ngasinye. Isibonelo, esikhundleni se-DTaP ehlukene, i-IPV, ne-Hib emathunjini akhe amabili, amane, nenyanga ayisithupha ukuvakashelwa kahle kwengane, ingane yakho ingathola i-Pentacel eyodwa ngesikhathi sokudubula.
Umlando wesimiso sokugoma
Ifomu lamanje le-schedule lokugoma nganezingane, elikhishwa minyaka yonke yiKomidi Elulekayo Emisebenzini Yokugoma (ACIP), i-American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), ne-American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), yanyatheliswa okokuqala 1995. Ngaleso sikhathi, imithi yokugoma iphakanyisiwe ihlanganisa i-hepatitis B, i-DTP, nakuba i-DTaP yayitholakalayo ngezinyanga eziyi-15 kuya kwezi-18 neminyaka engu-4 kuya kwengu-6, i-Td, i-OPV (umlomo wokugoma we-poliovirus), ne-MMR.
Ngaphambi kuka-1995, i-ACIP yashicilela amashejuli wokugomela izifo uma kunikwa izincomo ezintsha ezashintsha isimiso, njengokuthi kwenzeke ku:
- 1994 - Imishanguzo ye-Hib ne-hepatitis B yakhuthazwa kuzo zonke izinsana ne-booster MMR yazo zonke izingane
- 1989 - Ukugonywa kwe-Hib kunconywa kuzo zonke izingane eziseneminyaka eyi-18 ubudala kanye ne-booster MMR enconywa ezincane ezincane
- 1983 - kulolu hlelo, izingane zathola i-DTP (ama-5 amanani), i-OPV (amanani angu-4), i-MMR (idosi eli-1), ne-Td
Nakuba abanye abazali bengathanda ukubuyela kulezi zikhathi zangaphambili lapho izingane zithola imithi encane, kubalulekile ukukhumbula enye ingxenye yomlando, ngoba lokhu kwakuyisikhathi lapho, ngonyaka, abantu (ikakhulukazi izingane) basenayo:
- I-pneumonia, i-meningitis, kanye nokutheleleka kwegazi emabhaktheriya eStreptococcus pneumoniae - amacala angu-63,067 kanye nokufa kuka-6500
- I-Meningitis, i-epiglottitis, nezinye izifo ezimbi ezivela ku- Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b (Hib) amabhaktheriya - amacala angu-20 000 nokufa okungu-1 000
- I-Meningococemia kanye ne-meningococcal meningitis
- I-Hepatitis A - amacala angu-117 333, ama-6863 esibhedlela, nokufa kuka-137
- I-Hepatitis B - 66, amacala angu-232, ama-hospitali angu-7,348, nabangu-237 abafa
- I-Rotavirus gastroenteritis - amacala ayizigidi ezingu-3, izibhedlela ezingu-70, nokufa kwabantu abangu-20 kuya ku-60
- I-Chickenpox - amacala angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4, izibhedlela ezingu-10 000 kanye nokufa kwabantu abangu-100
- Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ze-HPV ezingabangela umdlavuza wesibeletho
Futhi njengoba imishanguzo isetshenziselwa lokhu kanye nezinye izifo ezivimbela ukugoma, amacala amaningi kakhulu anciphise amaphesenti angu-99 kuya kwangu-100.
Njengoba kuningi okwenziwe ukuqinisekisa abazali mayelana nokuphepha kwemigomo, kuhlanganise nokuthi imizamo yokuxhumanisa i-autism kanye nemigomo ingavunyelwe futhi isithwathwa sezisuswe kuzo zonke izigciwane ngesikhathi sokugoma nganezingane, kungaba yindabuko ukuvumela amazinga okugoma ahlahle futhi lezi zifo zibuya.
> Imithombo:
> Isikhathi eside: Izimiso Nezenzo Zezifo Eziphethwe Izifo Ezibhekene Nengculazi Ukuphrinta Okubukeziwe, 3rd ed. - 2009.
Umbiko weKomidi lase-American Academy of Pediatrics: I-American Pediatrics: Izinyathelo ezinkulu eMillennium. I-Pediatrics, Jun 2001; 107: 1482 - 1491.
> Shapiro-Shapin CG. U-Pearl Kendrick, u-Grace Eldering, nomgomo wokugoma i-pertussis. Emerg Disfect Infect. Umqulu 16, Inombolo 8-Agasti 2010.
> Mandell: Mandell, Douglas, kanye nemigomo ye-Bennett kanye nokuzijwayeza kwezifo ezithathelwanayo, umhla ka-7.
> Ukuvimbela i-Poliomyelitis e-United States. Izincomo ezibuyekeziwe zeKomidi Elilulekayo Emisebenzini Yokugoma (ACIP). I-MMWR. Meyi 19, 2000/49 (RR05); 1-22.
> I-Haemophilus b I-Vacuum Conjugate Yokuvimbela I-Haemophilus > i-influenzae > Uhlobo b Izifo Phakathi Kwezingane Nezingane Ezinyangeni ezimbili Zonyaka kanye Nezincomo Ezidala ze-ACIP. I-MMWR. NgoJanuwari 11, 1991/40 (RR01); 1-7
> Impumelelo Yempilo Yomphakathi, 1900-1999 Impact of Vaccines I-Universities Iphakanyiselwe Izingane - > United > States, 1990-1998. I-MMWR. April 2, 1999/48 (12); 243-248
> Roush SW. Ukuqhathaniswa komlando wokufelwa nokufa kwezifo ezivimbela ukugoma e-United States. I-JAMA. 14-NOV-2007; 298 (18): 2155-63
> U-Evan J. Anderson. Impact ye-Rotavirus Ukugonywa kwi-Hospital-Acquired Rotavirus Gastroenteritis e-Children. Izingane zokwelapha 2011; 127: e264-e270.