Imithi
I-CDC ibala uhlu lokugoma njengenzuzo enkulu yomphakathi yekhulu lama-20.
I-World Health Organization ibuye ibuye imeme imithi yokugoma "enye yezinhlelo zokungenelela zempilo yomphakathi ephumelela kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo," okusiza ekuvimbeleni "ukufa okungaba yizigidi ezingu-2,5 ngonyaka minyaka yonke kusukela ku-diphtheria, i-tetanus, i-pertussis (ukukhwehlela okukhwehlela), futhi imingqimba. "
Imithi ingenza okuningi kakhulu, noma kunjalo.
Izinga lokugoma lokukhula lingase likwazi ukuvimbela:
- Izifo ezinganeni eziyizigidi ezingu-24 emhlabeni ezingenakho ukufinyelela ekuqedeni uchungechunge lokugoma lomuthi kufanele zithole ngaphambi kokuba ziphenduke izinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala
- Ukufa kwezinsana ezingu-1.3 million kanye nezingane ezincane ezivela ezifweni ze-pneumococcal ne-rotavirus
- Ukufa kwezingqungquthela ezingaba ngu-200 000
- Okungenani abantu abangu-49,000 ababulawa yi-neonatal tetanus
- Amacala aqhubekayo epholile e-Afghanistan nasePakistan
Futhi imishanguzo emisha ingasiza ukulawula ezinye izifo kanye nezinsongo ezintsha, ezisanda kuvela.
Amaqiniso Wokugoma
Ukufunda nokuthola amaqiniso mayelana nemigomo nokugwema ukuchithwa kweminye imininingwane kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izingane zakho zigonywe ngokugcwele futhi ziphephile ezifweni ezivimbela umgomo :
- Ngesikhathi beqala isikole, izingane eziningi ezilandela isimiso sokugoma manje zizokhuphuka ezingamaphesenti angama-35 emithi yokugoma ehlukene (kufaka phakathi umgomo wokugoma waminyaka yonke), kodwa mhlawumbe njengamahlumela ambalwa angama-20 uma athola imishanguzo yokuhlanganiswa etholakalayo, njengePediarix (DTaP-HepB-IPV) noma i-Pentacel (DTaP-IPV-Hib), i-Kinrix (i-DTaP-IPV), ne-Proquad (i-MMR-Var), njll, kanye ne-Flumist nasal spray uma beneminyaka emibili ubudala.
- Nakuba kufanele uzame ukuthola amanani okugoma ngokuhambisana nesimiso sokuncoma okunconywayo, amanani okugoma ngokuvamile ayabala, noma ngabe anikezwe kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku ezine.
- Imishanguzo ephilayo , efana ne-MMR ne-Varivax, kufanele inikezwe ngesikhathi esifanayo noma okungenani izinsuku ezingu-28 ngaphandle.
- Ngokuvamile akudingeki uqalise kabusha uchungechunge lokugoma uma usuphelile ukuthola umthamo olandelayo noma wokugcina ochungechungeni lokugoma.
- Izinguquko ezingenasisindo ze-vaccines ohlelweni lokugoma nganezingane zitholakale kusukela ngo-2001. Ngisho nemithi yokugoma manje iyatholakala kalula njengesibhamu sokuzivikela.
- I-thimerosal emitholampilo yayingakaze ixhunywe ne-autism.
- Ngisho nokususwa kwe-thimerosal, kusekhona ezinye izithako zokugoma nokulondolozwa kwemithi eminye yemithi ewasiza ukuba asebenze kangcono, kufaka phakathi i-formaldehyde ne-aluminium. Iningi lishiywe ngamanani asele ukusuka endleleni imishanguzo eyenziwa ngayo, kanti ezinye, njenge-formaldehyde, zingaphansi kwenani lemvelo elitholakala ezinganeni.
- Nakuba kungenjalo kunikezwa izingane, imishanguzo engeyona ingxenye yesimiso sethu sokugoma iyatholakala ukuze ivikele ezinye izifo ezivimbela ukugoma, njengekholera, i-yellow fever, i-typhoid, i-rabies, isifo sofuba (BCG), ama-shingles, futhi Encephalitis yaseJapane (JE), njll.
- Awukwazi ukuthola umkhuhlane ovela emthonjeni wokugoma. Ayikho igciwane elingasebenzi (elibulalayo) elidutshulwa noma elibandayo, elibhekiswe (elibuthakathaka) eliphilayo igciwane lomkhuhlane isifo sofuba esiswini singabangela ukugula komkhuhlane kulabo abatholayo.
- Imishanguzo ayiqukethe i-anti-frozen.
- Umbiko weLancet ka-Andrew Wakefield osize ukuqala ukwesaba okukhulu mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi kwemigomo kanye ne-autism akuzange kuphindwe abanye abacwaningi, ubuyekezwe futhi kutholakala ukuthi kusekelwe ocwaningweni lobuqili.
- Ukuphelelwa amandla (syncope) kungenzeka, ngokuvamile kungakapheli imizuzu engu-15 yokugoma, ikakhulukazi kwentsha ukuthola i-HPV, Tdap, nemigomo ye-meningococcal, yingakho izingane zincoma ukuthi intsha kufanele ihlezi noma ilele phansi ngesikhathi sokugoma futhi kufanele igcinwe imizuzu engu-15 emva kokuthola isibhamu.
- Ngesikhathi amazinga okugoma awela phakathi kuka-1989 no-1991, amacala okugqoka amasosha avela emazingeni aphakeme kakhulu avela kusukela umuthi wokugoma wegciwane lesigqebhezana wawuvunyelwe, ngamacala angu-55 467 eminyakeni emithathu, iziguli ezingu-11 251 kanye nokufa kwabantu abangu-166. Amacala okuyisimungumuva ngokushesha aphinda ahlaselwa ngemuva kwemikhankaso emikhulu yokugoma yanda amazinga omgomo wokugoma izingane.
- Imishanguzo engaphezu kuka-80 yokugonywa yilezi zigaba ezedlule zokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo, kuhlanganise nemigomo ye-malaria ne-feengue fever.
Yini okunye okudingeka ukwazi ngemigomo ukuze izingane zakho zigonywe futhi zivikeleke?
Izifo ezivimbela ukugoma
Imishanguzo evame ukunikezwa izingane ngokwemigomo yakamuva yokugoma igweme izifo eziyi-16 ezivimbela ukugoma, kuhlanganise nezifo ezibangelwa yi:
- I-virus ye-Varicella - inkukhu yezinkukhu / i-shingles
- I-Diphtheria
- Umkhuhlane
- Hib - Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b
- I-hepatitis A
- I-hepatitis B
- Igciwane le-papillomavirus (i-HPV)
- Izisulu
- I-Neisseria meningitidis (amabhaktheriya e-meningococcal)
- Ama-Mumps
- I-Pertussis (okhwehlela ukukhwehlela)
- I-Streptococcus pneumoniae (amabhaktheriya e-pneumococcal)
- Ipholiyo
- I-Rotavirus
- I-Rubella
- I-Tetanus
Ngokungafani nesibhokotshe, ayikho yalezi zifo ezivimbela ukugoma eziqediwe.
Nakuba ngabe kungavamile e-United States, ukuqubuka okuncane kwesimungumzimba kuyaba yinto evamile, futhi sibonile izinombolo zokurekhoda eziqhamuka emasimini eminyakeni yamuva nje, kanti amacala amaningi ezinganeni abazali babo abanqabe ukuwagoma. ziba zivame kakhulu, futhi sibonile izinombolo zokurekhoda eziqhamuka emasimini eminyakeni yamuva, nezingane eziningi abazali babo ababenqaba ukuzitholela.
Okunye ukuqubuka kwamuva kwamagciwane okuvimbela ukugoma kuhlanganisa:
- Ukuqhuma okuqhubekayo eCalifornia nakwamanye amazwe amaningi
- Izitshalo eziqhamukayo ezikhungweni eziningana, cishe eziphindwe kathathu ngezigameko zokuyisimungulu ngo-2008 kuya kumacala angu-140, abaningi abaxhunyaniswe nezingane ezimbalwa ezingavunyelwe ukuphuma ezivela e-United States, kanti ngenkathi izingane eziningi ezingavunyelwe ngaphandle kwezimo ezingekho kwezokwelapha zithole amasosha ngesikhathi lokhu kuqhuma, kwathinta futhi izingane eziningi ezincane kakhulu ukuba zithole umgomo wabo we-MMR okwamanje. Lezi ziqhumane zamashukela ziqhubeka, ngo-2011 ziba ngomunye umlando wokurekhoda, amacala angaphezulu kuka-220, eningi eminyakeni engu-15.
- Ukuqubuka kwamanzi e-Iowa (2006) naseNew York naseNew Jersey (2009)
Izingane ezigonywe ngezinye izikhathi zigula ngalezi ziqhumane, ikakhulukazi uma zithola ukutheleleka okunjengama-mumps, lapho umuthi wokugoma usebenza khona kuphela ngo-76 kuya ku-95%, ngisho nangemva kokulinganisa okubili, kodwa ingozi yezingane ezingatholanga imithi ngokuvamile kakhulu kakhulu.
Okuholela embonweni owodwa ocacile wokugoma: izingane ezingavunyelwe zingafaka ezinye izingane engozini yokuthola isifo esivimbela ukugoma, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi zisencane kakhulu ukuba zingagonywa, zingenakunyangwa, noma ngenxa yokuthi umgomo wabo awuzange usebenze .
Thola Abafundi. Thola Ukugonywa. Misa iziqhumane.
Imithombo:
Isitatimende Somgomo Wezemfundo yase-American Academy. Isandiso sokuNgcweliswa Kwabantwana kanye nezingane ezisencane. 2011; 127; 387-388.
I-CDC. Imicabango engafani mayelana nomkhuhlane we-Seasonal and Influenza Vaccines. Kufinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 2011.
I-CDC. Imizamo Yokugonywa Kwemikhakha Yomphakathi Ekuphenduleni Ukubuyiselwa Kwezingulube Phakathi Kwezingane Zase-Preschool-Aged - United States, 1989-1991. I-MMWR. July 24, 1992/41 (29); 522-525.
> Izincomo ezijwayelekile mayelana nokugoma. Izincomo zeKomidi Elilulekayo Emisebenzini Yokugoma (ACIP). I-MMWR. NgoJanuwari 28, 2011/60 (RR02); 1-60.
> Kreesten M. Madsen. I-Thimerosal ne-Occurrence ye-Autism: Ubufakazi obubi obungokwemvelo kusuka kuDanishi-Idatha-Based Based Data. I-Pediatrics, Sep 2003; 112: 604 - 606.
Izitshalo --- United States, January 1 - Apreli 25, 2008. MMWR. Ngo-Meyi 1, 2008/57 (Ukukhishwa Kwokuqala); 1-4.
> Paul A. Ukunikezwa, MD. Ukukhuluma Ngokukhathazeka Kwabazali: Ingabe Imithi Yokugoma Ikhona Izithako Ezingozi, Izithako, Izithasiselo, noma Abahlali? I-PEDIATRICS Vol. 112 No. 6 Disemba 2003, iphe. 1394-1397.
WHO. Imishanguzo yezwe yomhlaba kanye nokugoma. Uhlelo lwesithathu. 2009.