Indlela Esetshenziswa Ngayo Futhi Kungani Engabaniki Ngayo
Amagciwane avuselela umzimba wakho ukukhiqiza ukuzivikela ekubhekaneni nesifo. Abanye basebenzisa ama-virusi aphilayo kanti abanye basebenzisa amagciwane angasebenzi noma abulawe noma amagciwane. Kwezinye izifo, kokubili izinguqulo zitholakalayo futhi ngamunye kunconywa kubantu abaningana, njengalabo abangenakuzivikela. Ungase ube nemibandela yokuthi uzobe usakaze yini lesi sifo ngemuva kokuthola igciwane lokuphila ngenxa yokuchithwa kwegciwane.
Imishanguzo ephilayo iphephile, ngezinye izinyathelo zokuqapha, ikakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nobungozi bokuthola lesi sifo ngokwawo futhi sisakaze kwabanye.
Phila ngokumelene ne-Vaccines engasebenzi
Imishanguzo ephilayo iqukethe uhlobo oluthakathaka noma olunqanyelwe igciwane noma amabhaktheriya. Lokhu, ngokuphambene, "ukubulala" noma imishanguzo engasebenzi. Kungase kuzwakale kuyethusa ekuqaleni ukubona ukuthi umuthi wokugoma uqukethe igciwane elibuthakathaka noma amabhaktheriya, kodwa lokhu kuguqulwa ukuze kungabangeli izifo-okungenani kubantu abanamasosha omzimba anempilo, futhi iningi labantu abangenalo uhlelo lokuvikela omzimba oluhle .
Uma ingane (noma umuntu omdala) inesisindo sokuzivikela somzimba, imithi yokuphila ayinikezwa. Lapho lokhu kungase kube yinkinga ukuchitha. Emva kokuthola umgomo, ezinye zegciwane ezibuthakathaka zizohamba emzimbeni futhi zingabonakala emicimbini yomzimba njengezintambo.
Olunye uhlobo oluyinhloko lokugoma lwenziwa ngegciwane elingasebenzi noma amabhaktheriya (umgomo ophelele) noma izingxenye ezithile zegciwane noma amabhaktheriya (umgomo wokugoma).
Izinzuzo Nezinzuzo Zemijovo Ephilayo
Imishanguzo ebukhoma kucatshangwa ukuthi ingalinganisa ukutheleleka kwemvelo futhi ngokuvamile ihlinzekele ukuvikelwa okuqhubekayo ngezinga elilodwa noma amabili. Imithi eminingi engasebenzi, ngokuphambene nalokho, idinga amanani amaningi nezidingo zokuqala (eminyakeni edlule) ukuthola uhlobo olufanayo lokuzivikela. Kweminye imithi yokugoma yokuphila, umthamo wesibili unikezwa ngoba abanye abantu abaphenduli kumthamo wokuqala, kodwa lokho akubhekwa njengesixhumo.
I-Vaccines Live
Izingane ziye zithola imishanguzo yokuphila iminyaka eminingi, futhi le migomo ibhekwa ukuthi iphephile kakhulu kulabo abanempilo. Eqinisweni, enye yemithi yokugoma yokuqala, imithi yokugoma i-ingulube, yayiyi-vaccine ephilayo-igciwane. Ngenxa yokugoma okubanzi, isimo sokugcina semvelo sesibhukela sezinkukhu senzeke ngo-1977 (kwakukhona icala ngenxa yengozi yokubhubhisa ngo-1978) futhi lesi sifo sabekwa ukuthi sizoqedwa emhlabeni wonke ngo-1979.
Izibonelo zezinkomo eziphilayo
Imishanguzo ephilayo ihlanganisa:
- I-MMR: Imishanguzo yokuhlanganiswa, imisipha, nomuthi wokugubha
- I-Vavivax: I-varicella noma umuthi wokugoma wezinkukhu
- I-Proquad : Inhlanganisela ye-MMR ne-Varivax
- I-RotaTeq ne-Rotarix: Imishanguzo ye-Rotavirus
- I-Flumist: Umuthi wokugoma womkhuhlane we-nasal (umkhuhlane wesifo somuthi ngumuthi wokugoma ongasebenzi)
- Umgomo wokugoma komkhuhlane: Ukugonywa kwegciwane okwehlisiwe, okubukhoma kunconywa ukuthi abahambi baye ezindaweni ezinobungozi
- Umuthi wokugoma we-Adenovirus: Umgomo wokuphila ogciwane ophilayo ovikela uhlobo lwama-4 futhi uthayiphe i-adenovirus engu-7, evunyelwe kuphela abasebenzi basezempi
- Umgomo wokugonywa yi-typhoid: Umuthi wokugoma we-typhoid wenziwa nge- Salmonella typhi , enobungozi obuphilile obuphilayo , amabhaktheriya abangela isifo somkhuhlane we-typhoid. I-inactivated, injectable version yomgomo nayo iyatholakala. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuthi wokugomela i-typhoid unganikezwa abahambi kuphela ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu.
- I-BCG: Umuthi wokugoma we-Calmette-Guerin wesifo sofuba awusetshenzisiwe njalo e-United States ngoba uvimbela kakhulu i-TB enamandla, isifo esingavamile e-United States.
- Umgomo wokugoma umkhuhlane wezinambuzane: Akusetshenziswanga njalo kusukela ngo-1972, kodwa uyatholakala kusuka ekugciniwe uma kudingekile
- Umgomo wokugoma i-polio (OPV): I-OPV yokuqala (umgomo wokugoma waseSabin) wawuwumuthi wokuphila ophilayo futhi usetshenzisiwe e-United States ngomgomo wokugoma wepholio (umgomo wokugoma i-Salk) Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa umgomo wokugoma i-polio, kwakukhona amacala ambalwa isifo sofuba minyaka yonke e-United States sinomuzwa wokuthi ngenxa yomuthi wokugoma.
Imishanguzo yegciwane eliphilayo kuphela elisetshenziselwa ukufaka i-MMR, i-Varivax, i-Rotavirus, ne-Flumist (i-friction shot injectable ikhethwa kulabo abasengozini enkulu).
Ukuqapha okuvame ukugoma
Nakuba imishanguzo ephilayo ingabangeli izifo kubantu abazitholayo ngoba zenziwe ngegciwane elibuthakathaka nama-bacteria, njalo kunokukhathazeka ukuthi umuntu obhekene nesimo sokuvikela omzimba obuthakathaka kakhulu angagula emva kokuthola umgomo wokuphila. Yingakho imishanguzo yokuphila engeke inikezwe kubantu abathola imithi ye-chemotherapy noma abanesandulela-ngculazi esinzima, phakathi kwezinye izimo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unika yini umgomo ophilayo kumuntu onenkinga ngesimiso sakhe somzimba omzimba kuncike kakhulu esimweni abanaso kanye nesilinganiso sokuzivikela kwawo. Isibonelo, manje kunconywa ukuthi izingane ezine-HIV zithole imishanguzo ye-MMR, i-Varivax, ne-rotavirus, kuye ngokubalwa kwezibalo ze-CD4 + T-lymphocyte.
Ukugonywa Kwegciwane Nokuphila Okugoma
Ngezinye izikhathi abazali banenkinga yokuthi izingane zabo eziphilile kufanele zithole imishanguzo ephilayo uma zizokwethulwa komunye umuntu onenkinga ngesimiso sakhe somzimba omzimba, ikakhulukazi uma besondelene kakhulu nomuntu oye wakhazamisa ukuzivikela.
Ngenhlanhla, ngaphandle kwe-OPV nesibhukela, ezingasetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa, izingane ezihlala nomuntu one-immunologic ukuntuleka zingakwazi ukuthola imishanguzo eminingi ohlelweni lokugoma lokubanjelwa izingane, njenge-MMR, Varivax, kanye nemigomo ye-rotavirus. Kungaba yinto engavamile kakhulu ukuba umuntu athole enye yalezi virus kusuka kumuntu owathola umgomo. Ukukhathazeka okukhulu kungaba ukuthi ingane engavunyelwe ingathola ukutheleleka kwemvelo ngesimungumungwane noma inkukhu yenkukhu futhi idlulisele kumuntu onenkinga yokuzivikela komzimba.
Iziqondiso ezivela ku-Immune Deficiency Foundation state:
Vala oxhumana nabo beziguli ezinegciwane lesandulela ngculazi abafanelekile akufanele bathole umuthi ophilile okhuluma ngomlomo we-poliovirus ngoba bangase bachithe igciwane bese begula isiguli esinomkhuhlane okhubazekile. Vala oxhumana nabo bangathola iminye imigomo ejwayelekile ngoba ukungezwa kwamagciwane angeke kwenzeke futhi lokhu kungabangela ingozi encane yokutheleleka emthonjeni onokugonywa kwengculaza.
Ngaphandle kokuba ingane ixhumane nomuntu ongenakuzivikela kakhulu, njengokuthola ukufakelwa kwesitembu se-stem futhi ekukhuseleni, umntwana angathola ngisho nokugoma komuthi wokuphuza umkhuhlane ophilayo.
Ukukhathazeka kunoma yikuphi kwalezi zimo kuwukuchitha igazi, lapho umuntu eba nesifo esithathelwanayo futhi angadlulisela igciwane komunye umuntu. Uma ugula ngokubandayo, umkhuhlane, isifo esibandayo, noma esinye isifo esithathelwanayo, akuyona into engavamile ukuthi uyisakaze kwabanye abantu ngokuchitha igciwane noma amabhaktheriya akwenza ugula.
Ngomuthi wokugoma wangempela, njengokwelashwa komlomo we-polio, igciwane lesandulela ngculaza lingaphala ngemuva kokugonywa yize ungaguli ngegciwane. Ngenhlanhla, lapho abanye abaningi behlushwa igciwane lesandulela ngculazi, abagulayo, njengoba bevezwe ekutheni igciwane lesandulela ngculaza libuthakathaka. Lokhu kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuyinzuzo yokugoma komlomo we-polio, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingasetshenziselwa ukuhlanzeka nokuhlanzeka okuhlanzekile njengoba kungabangela ukuzivikela kwabanye. Noma kunjalo, ukuchithwa kwegciwane kungaba inkinga uma umuntu ovezwa enenkinga enkulu yesistimu yomzimba.
Ngenhlanhla, ukumiswa kwamagciwane akuyona inkinga ngoba:
- Imithi eminingi ayihlali futhi ayichitheli, kuhlanganise ne-DTaP, i-Tdap, i-flu shots, i-Hib, i-hepatitis A ne-B, i-Prevnar, i-IPV, ne-HPV nemigomo ye-meningococcal.
- Umuthi wokugoma we-polio awusasetshenzisiwe e-United States nakwamanye amazwe amaningi lapho ipholio liye lalawulwa khona.
- Umuthi wokugoma we-MMR awubangeli ukuchitha, ngaphandle kokuthi ingxenye ye-rubella yomuthi wokugoma ingase ingavumeleki ukuba ibe nesifuba. Njengoba i-rubella ngokuvamile isifo sengane emncane, ungagonywa uma uncelisa. Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu ukuthi umuntu adlulisele igciwane lesandulela ngculaza komunye umuntu ngemuva kokusungula imishanguzo ngale ndlela. Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile komgogodla we-MMR ngo-2016 "kunqume ukuthi akuzange kube khona amacala aqinisekisiwe okudluliselwa komuntu wokugoma igciwane lesisemungeni."
- Umuthi wokugoma wezinkukhu awukho imbangela ngaphandle uma ingane yakho iqala ukuhlambalaza okungavamile ngemuva kokuthola igciwane. Kodwa-ke, ingozi ibhekwa ukuthi iyinto encane futhi i-CDC ibika amacala amahlanu kuphela okudluliselwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza emva kokugoma kuhlanganisa kuka-55 million ukukhishwa kwemithi yokugoma.
- Ukugonywa kwe-rotavirus kubangele ukukhipha esitokisini futhi kungagwenywa ngamasu okuziphatha okuvamile, njengokugeza okuhle. Umuntu ongenakuzivikela kufanele agweme ukushintsha ama-diapers okungenani ngesonto ngemuva kokuthola umgomo wokugoma i-rotavirus.
- Ukudluliswa komuthi wokugoma ophilayo ophilayo, omsulwa awuzange kwenzeke uma kuhlolwa ngezilungiselelo eziningana, kuhlanganise nabantu abane-HIV, izingane ezithola uketshezi lwe-chemotherapy, kanye nabantu abangenakuzivikela emasethweni okunakekela impilo.
Futhi-ke, izingane zichitha ama-virus futhi zithathelwana ngempela uma zingagonywanga futhi ngokwemvelo zihlakulele noma yikuphi kwezifo ezivimbela ukugoma .
Okudingayo Ukuze Ukwazi Ngezifo Eziphilayo
Kunezinyathelo ezimbalwa zokuqapha okufanele uzicabange ngemigomo ephilayo:
- Imishanguzo eminingi ye-live-virus inganikezwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kodwa uma kungenjalo kufanele ulinde okungenani amasonto amane ngaphambi kokuthola olunye umgomo wokugoma-virusi ukuze bangaphazamisani.
- Ngokuvamile kunconywa ukuthi izingane ezingase zithole ukufakelwa komzimba okuqinile zivuselelwe emigodini yabo yokuphila-igciwane okungenani amasonto amane ngaphambi kokufakelwa.
- Ngaphezu kwezingane zokuthola i-chemotherapy, izingane ezithola i-steroid yansuku zonke izinsuku ezingu-14 noma ngaphezulu kufanele ziphuze ukuthola imithi yokuphila okungenani izinyanga ezintathu. Esikhundleni sokubeka engozini yokutheleleka, lokhu kunconywa kuvame ukuqhutshwa ngoba umgomo ngeke usebenze uma umuntu e-steroids.
- Imishanguzo ebukhoma kuthiwa ithuthukiswa ukuvikela igciwane le-West Nile, igciwane lesifo sokuphefumula (RSV), i-Parainfluenza virus, i-Herpes simplex, i-cytomegalovirus (CMV,) ne-Dengue virus (i-breakbone fever.)
- I-CDC ithi umuthi wokugoma we-yellow fever kufanele ugwenywe uma uncelisa, kodwa "uma omama abahlengikazi bengakwazi ukugwema noma ukuyeka ukuhamba ezindaweni eziyingozi ngenxa ye-yellow fever engozini yokuthola imali, laba besifazane kufanele bagonywe." I-precaution ilandela izimo ezintathu ze-yellow fever-ezihambisana nezifo ze-neurologic kuphela ezinganeni ezisondelene ngamabele omama abagonywe.
- Ukuchithwa kwegciwane kungabangeli ukuqhuma- inkolelo evamile yokulwa nokugoma .
Ngezansi Emitholampilo Ephilayo
Iningi lemishanguzo yegciwane eliphilayo elisetshenziselwa ukuvame ukufaka inkinga encane yengane kanye nengozi encane yokuchithwa kwamagciwane okungabangela izifo kwabanye abangase bangabi namagciwane. Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu bezwe ngengozi engavamile yokuthuthukisa i-polio (i -poliomyelitis ehlobene nokugoma ) ephuma emlonyeni wokugoma i-polio, kodwa lowo mgomo awusatholakali e-United States. Kunezinyathelo ezimbalwa zokuqapha okufanele zicatshangelwe, njengokubekwa kokufakelwa kwe-stem cell.
Yini eyenza ingozi enkulu kunayo yonke indlela lapho labo abangagonywanga behlakulela lezi zifo zangempela. Uma unenkinga mayelana nengane yakho ukuthola umgomo wokuphila, ikakhulukazi uma ingane yakho noma omunye umuntu ekhaya enenkinga ngesimiso sakhe somzimba, qiniseka ukuthi ukhuluma nodokotela wezingane zakho.
> Imithombo
> Doherty, M., Schmidt-Orr, R., Santos, J. et al. Ukugonywa Kwezibalo Ezikhethekile: Ukuvikela Abasengozini. Umgomo . 2016. 34952): 6681-6690.
> Kliegman R, uStanton B, W. SGJ, uSchor NF, Behrman RE. UNelson Bookbook of Pediatrics . Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016.
> Lopez A, uMariette X, uBachelez H, et al. Izincomo Zokugoma I-Adult Immunosuppressed Patient: Ukubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile kanye Nesihloko Sensimu Ephelele. I-Journal Yokuzivocavoca . 2017. 80: 10-27.
> Ikomidi Lezokwelapha LikaMnyango we-Immune Deficiency Foundation, uShearer, W., Fleisher, T. et al. Izincomo ze-Viral Live kanye Namagciwane E-Bacteria Emaphakheni Abangama-Immunodeficient Nezixhumano Zabo Ezikude. I-Journal Yokuzifola Kwegazi Ne-Immunology Yezokwelapha . 2014. 133 (4): 961-6.