Izifo Zengane
I-Rubella nayo yaziwa nangokuthi 'ama-Measles aseJalimane,' njengoba odokotela baseJalimane ekuqaleni kwawo-1800 baqala ukuthola ukuthi ngempela kwakuyisifo esithile esivela kumasimungumane.
Kwathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-100 ukuthi ochwepheshe bathole ukuthi i-rubella ibangelwa igciwane, futhi kwaze kwaba ngo-1941 ukuthi kwakungasacatshangwa njengesifo esincane somntwana. Yilapho i-rubella yahlanganiswa ne-rubella syndrome yokuzalwa.
Izimpawu zeRubella
Ngokuvamile, i-rubella ibangela izimpawu ezincane kakhulu ezinganeni eziningi.
Izinsuku ezingaba ngu-14 (isikhathi sokukhushulwa) ngemuva kokudalulwa komunye umuntu onesi-rubella, izingane ezingenasifo somzimba zingase zihlakulele i-maculopapular (amabala amancane) aqala ukuwa ngobuso bese eqhubeka phansi.
Ukuqhuma kwe-rubella kunezici ezithile ezibonakalayo ezisiza ukuhlukanisa nokushona kwesimungumungwane, kufaka phakathi ukuthi i-rash ishainter, amabala awajoyina ndawonye njengawo amasimungumane, futhi lawa bantwana kaningi abanawo umkhuhlane ophezulu.
I-rash ihlala cishe izinsuku ezingu-3 futhi ingase ibonakale ngemva kokuba ingane yakho igcwele amandla, ikakhulukazi emva kokugeza okushisayo noma isha.
Nakuba i-rubella ibhekwa nje ukuthi igaxekile ngokweqile, yilapho usuke uhlaselwa kakhulu, usakaze igciwane ngamaconsi okuphefumula kanye nemfihlo.
Ngaphandle kokuqhuma, izingane zingase zithuthukise i-lymphadenopathy (izigulane ezivuvukala) endaweni ekhanda nentamo.
Lokhu kungase kuqale kuze kube ngesonto ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukuqhuma futhi kungase kuphele amasonto amaningana.
Njengama-virus amaningi, abantu abadala abane-rubella bangabonisa izimpawu ezinzima, kuhlanganise ne-low-grade fever, i-malaise (ayizizwa kahle), izimpawu ezibandayo, nezimpawu ezihlangene, kuhlanganise i-arthralgia ne-arthritis.
Izinkinga zeRubella
Nakuba i-rubella ngokuvamile isifo esibucayi kakhulu, ingavamile ukudala izinkinga, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala.
Izinkinga zeRubella zingabandakanya i-encephalitis esongela ukuphila, izibalo eziphansi zeplatelet kanye nokulimala kwamathambo okuholela ebuchosheni, emathunjini, nasezintweni zokuphuza izinso, neuritis, nase-orchitis. Njengayeyisimungulu, i-rubella nayo ingavamile ukudala i-panencephalitis ephuthumayo yamuva.
Ngokudabukisayo, ukucindezeleka kwe-rubella akuyona into engavamile uma owesifazane ethatha isifo ngaphambi kokukhulelwa kwakhe, okuholela ekubeni i-rubella syndrome ebusweni.
Njengoba igciwane le-rubella lingaphazamisa zonke izitho zomntwana okhulayo, izinkinga zingabandakanya:
- ukufa komntwana
- ukulethwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi
- isithulu
- ukukhubazeka kwamehlo (i-cataracts, i-glaucoma, i-retinopathy, ne-microphthalmia)
- ukukhubazeka kwenhliziyo (i-patent ductus arteriosus, i-ventricular septal defect, i-pulmonic stenosis, nokuhlanganiswa kwe-aorta)
- ukuphuza ukukhula kwe-intrauterine
- i-microcephaly
- ukuphuza kwengqondo
- ukuguqulwa kwamathambo
- umonakalo wesibindi nesipen
Izingane ezine-rubella syndrome ezithathelwanayo zisengozini enkulu yesifo sikashukela, i-autism, ne-panbaphalitis eqhubekayo.
I-Rubella Treatments
Ayikho ukwelashwa okuqondile noma ukwelashwa kwezifo ze-rubella.
Ezinganeni ezelwe ngo-rubella syndrome ezitholakalayo, ukwelashwa kuxhomeke ekutheni ukubeletha okubelethwe umntwana, futhi kungase kubandakanye ukuhlinzeka ngezinkinga zokukhubazeka, nezinsizwa zokuzwa, njll.
Ukuqubukana kweRubella
Esinye seziqhumane ezinkulu ze-rubella ne-ruben syndrome ebusweni e-United States kwenzeka kusukela ngo-1964 kuya ku-1965 futhi kwaholela eku:
- Izigidi ezingu-12.5 izigciwane ze-rubella
- Amacala angu-2,084 we-encephalitis
- Ukufa kuka-60
- Ukufa kwezingane ezingu-2,100
- Ukukhishwa kwesisu okungu-11 250 noma okukhipha okuzenzakalelayo
- Amantombazane angu-20 000 azalwa nge-rubella syndrome yokuzalwa
Lokhu kuqubuka akukwenziwe kuphela e-United States. Kwakuwumkhuhlane owawuqale eYurophu ngonyaka odlule.
Njengoba kulindelwe, amacala e-rubella kanye ne-ruben syndrome e-congenital ngokushesha awela njengoba umuthi wokugoma wokuqala wawuvunyelwe ngo-1969. Umuthi wokugoma we-rubella kamuva wawuhlanganiswa nemigomo yezinsizane kanye nesimungumungwane ngo-1971 lapho umuthi wokugoma we-MMR usungulwa.
Ngo-1986, kwakukhona amacala angu-55 kuphela e-rubella e-United States.
Ngokuhambisana nokuqubuka kwesimungumungumungumungqungqungqimba, kwakukhona ukuqubuka kwe-rubella eziningana ngo-1990-91, okuholela okungenani amacala angu-2 526 we-rubella namacala angu-58 we-rubella syndrome engamaqenjini.
Isisindo esikhulu se-MMR kanye namazinga okukhuphuka okukhushulwa asize ekunciphiseni amacala e-rubella.
Nakuba singaboni ukuqubuka okukhulu, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-rubella ayikho ngokuphelele:
- Amacala angu-2011 - ama-rubella angu-3 namacala amathathu e-rubella syndrome okuzalwa
- Amacala angu-2012 - 9 e-rubella kanye namacala amathathu e-rubella syndrome, okufaka umntwana oyedwa owafa
- 2013 - 9 amacala e-rubella kanye namacala angu-1 we-rubella syndrome engavamile
Njengazinye izifo ezivimbela ukugoma, i-rubella kanye ne-rubella syndrome ye-congenital nazo zisezinkinga ezinkulu emhlabeni jikelele. I-World Health Organization inqume ukuthi izingane ezingaphezu kuka-100 000 zizalwa nge-rubella syndrome yokubeletha minyaka yonke.
I-Rubella kanye ne-rubella syndrome yangasese yisezinkinga emazweni athile athuthukile futhi. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-rubella lonke eJapane ngo-2012 kuya ku-2013 kwaholela okungenani amacala angu-10 e-rubella syndrome okuzalwa.
Kubuye kube neziqhumane ku:
- I-Netherlands - ukuqubuka kwe-rubella ngonyaka ka-2004 kwabangele amacala angu-387 e-rubella, amacala angu-14 e-rubella syndrome ebusweni, kanye nokufa okungu-2 kokuzalwa komntwana. Lokhu kuqubuka emphakathini ongokwenkolo ongagciniwe usakaze eCanada.
- I-Canada - ukugqashuka kwe-rubella ka-2005 emphakathini ongokwenkolo ongavumelekile e-Ontario kwaholela okungenani ngamacala angu-309 e-rubella
- I-Romania - ukuphazamiseka kwe-rubella ka-2012 kwabangele amacala angu-20 000 we-rubella
- IPoland - ukuqubuka kwe-rubella ka-2013 kubangele amacala angaphezu kuka-20 000 we-rubella, ikakhulukazi emadodeni amadala asetsheni, njengamantombazane asencane ngokuvamile ahloselwe ukugoma i-rubella. Lokhu kuqhuma kubangela imibiko eyanda kakhulu ye-rubella syndrome engavamile.
- I-Italy - ukuqubuka kwe-rubella kwaholela ekukhuleni kwamacala e-rubella syndrome ebusweni ngo-2008 (amacala angu-29), 2009 (amacala angu-13), no-2012 (amacala angu-19)
Nakuba i-rubella yisifo esivimbela ukugoma , lezi zimo ziyaqhubeka zikhona phakathi kwabantu abaningi abangenacala lapho umgomo ukhona. Futhi njengoba sibona ngokuphindaphindiwe, lokhu kungabangela ukwanda kokushona kwezingane kanye nezinkinga ze-rubella syndrome yokuzalwa.
Okudingeka Ukwazi Ngo-Rubella
Amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo nge-rubella afaka ukuthi:
- i-ophthalmologist e-Australia ngo-1941, uDkt. Norman Gregg, waqala ukuxilonga igciwane le-rubella ngeziphene zokubeletha
- isikhathi sokuxubha se-rubella singasuka ezinsukwini ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-23
- kuze kube yingxenye yabantu abane-rubella abangenayo izimpawu noma izimpawu ezibonakalayo, nakuba bangakwazi ukutheleleka kwabanye
- abantu abane-rubella bangase bachithe igciwane, futhi basakazeke, kuze kube yizinsuku ezingu-7 ngaphambi nangemva kokuqala kwe-rash
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody kungenza ukuthi umuntu othile une-rubella noma uma engenawo umzimba ngemuva kokugoma
- ukuqhuma kwe-rubella kwenzeka njalo entwasahlobo, kodwa kunomjikelezo omkhulu wezigameko ezingu-6- kuya ku-9, eziye zaphulwa ngamazinga aphezulu okugoma e-United States, okuholela ekuqedeni i-rubella ngo-2004
- Ama-antibodies omama we-rubella akhusela kuphela ezinyangeni ezimbili, okuncane kakhulu kunama-antibodies omama wesisu
- Umgomo owodwa we-MMR ungamaphesenti angama-97 kuya kwangu-98% ngokuvikela i-rubella
Ukuqedwa kwe-rubella kanye ne-congenital rubella syndrome e-United States kube yindaba enkulu yokugoma yokugoma. Kodwa i-rubella ayizange isuswe ngokuphelele.
Ezimweni eziyisithupha ze-rubella syndrome ezalwa ngokuzalwa phakathi kuka-2004 no-2011, okungenani amahlanu amacala ayebandakanya omama abakhulelwe abene-rubella ngaphandle kwe-United States.
Thola Abafundi . Thola Ukugonywa. Misa iziqhumane.
Imithombo
I-CDC. Ukuqedwa kwe-rubella ne-ruben syndrome ye-congenital-United States, 1969-2004. I-MMWR 2005; 54: 279-82
I-CDC. I-Epidemiology nokuvimbela izifo ezivimbela ukugoma. I-Pink Book: I-Course Textbook - U-13th Edition (2015)
I-CDC. Ama-Cases kanye nokufa okuvela ezigulweni ezivimbelayo, e-United States, ngo-1950-2013.
Plotkin, Stanley, MD. Imithi. Edition Sixth. 2013.