Kufanele Uzinakekele, Futhi: Yiziphi i-PISA, i-NAEP ne-Economists Ethiyo
Kwakunjalo emuva ngo-1983 lapho umbiko kahulumeni obizwa ngokuthi "Isizwe Esengozini" waxwayisa ukuthi izikole zomphakathi zase-United States zaziwela kwezinye izizwe nokuthi lokhu kuzoholela ekuhluphekeni kwezomnotho esizayo. Lo mbiko ushaqile abenzi bomgomo kuwo wonke amazinga. UMengameli ngaleso sikhathi, uRonald Reagan, washintsha isikhundla sakhe ngokubaluleka kokuba nomnyango wezemfundo. Uthembisa ukuthi uzoqala ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo okuzobuyisela i-US ekubekeni okuphezulu emfundweni yezwe.
Wonke umengameli kusukela uReagan uye wenza isithembiso esifanayo. I-US ibonile "izintambo ezinhlanu" zikaClinton, uBush "Akukho Mntwana Ongakwesokunxele", no-Obama "Umjaho Ophezulu."
Kodwa i-US iyaqhubeka ibamba amazinga okulinganisa ngezikolo zokuhlolwa zamazwe ngamazwe (imininingwane engezansi ngezansi.) I-US isezingeni elingakanani emhlabeni wonke? Ingabe lesi yisilinganiso esihle? Ingabe izikolo zokuhlola zibonisa ngempela ukukhula komnotho esizayo?
Iyini i-PISA futhi Kuthiwani Nge-US?
I-PISA imele uhlelo lwe-International Student Assessment. Luhlolo olunikezwe emazweni alungu alungu loMhlangano wezokuThuthukiswa koMnotho nokuThuthukiswa koMnotho (I-OECD) Amazwe kufanele angene ukuhlola.
Isivivinyo se-PISA sinikezwa minyaka yonke emithathu ezikoleni ezikhethiwe ngokungahleliwe emazweni athatha iqhaza. Isivivinyo sihlanganisa amakhono wokufunda, amakhono amathekisthi, kanye nokufunda ukufunda ngokwesayensi phakathi kwabantwana abaneminyaka engu-15. Isivivinyo senzelwe ukukhombisa indlela abafundi abazofinyelela ekupheleni kwemfundo eyimpoqo bazokwazi ukusebenzisa amakhono abo okufunda ekuzileni kwangempela kwezimo.
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa yokugcina eye yashicilelwa ivela ngo-2012. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-US ihlukanise 17 kuya kwezingu-34 ekufundeni, okuyi-27 kwabayi-34 ngezibalo, kanye nama-20 kwangu-34 kwisayensi. Lokhu kufaka izikhundla zezikole zase-US njengamazinga wokufunda nezesayensi, futhi ngezansi isilinganiso semathekisthi.
I-US iqhaza ePISA ye-2015. Imiphumela evela ku-PISA izokhishwa ekuqaleni kuka-December 2016.
Lokho Okushiwo Abazali
Ngenkathi idatha yomhlaba wonke ibonisa izindawo zokuphumelela kwezemfundo nezindawo lapho kudingwa khona ngcono, imiphakathi yasendaweni-ikakhulukazi thina bazali-sidinga ukubamba iqhaza ekuguqulweni kwezinguquko ukuze siphumelele.
Idatha nokucwaninga kungasitshela ukuthi izingane zethu zidinga ukuthuthukiswa, kodwa othisha bendawo nabazali kaningi bahle kakhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi lokho kungenziwa kanjani. Siyaqonda izingane zethu futhi sazi ukuthi zifunda kanjani.
Singabamba iqhaza ngokujoyina ama- PTA / PTO ethu, amabhodi omsebenzi wesikole , amakomidi ebhodi lesikole , nokuvota okhethweni lendawo .
Siphinde sibe nethonya elikhulu ekuphumeleleni kwezingane zesikole. Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi uma silindele kakhulu izingane zethu esikoleni , benza ngcono esikoleni.
Yini Abacwaningi Bomnotho Nezombusazwe Bathi Ngokubaluleka KwamaSigaba Esikolo Sase-US?
Abaningi bezomnotho nabenzi bomthetho bakholelwa ukuthi izinga lemfundo liyisici esiyinhloko ekunqumeni ikhwalithi yenhloko yabantu. Ngamanye amazwi, izizwe ezinezikhundla eziphezulu ze-PISA zinezisebenzi eziqeqeshwe kangcono ezizokhuthaza ukukhula komnotho omkhulu nokuchuma ezizweni zabo.
Izizwe eziyizici eziphezulu ePISA, kuhlanganise neChina, iSingapore, neJapane nazo ziye zaba nokukhula komnotho okuqinile. Noma kunjalo, akuwona wonke umuntu oqiniseka ukuthi isikhundla esiphakeme se-PISA sithinta umnotho wezwe. Abaqapheli balo mbono, njengoDiane Ravitch, uProfesa wezeMfundo eNew York University, bakhulume ngomlando omfushane we-data test yokulinganisa phakathi kwezizwe. I-US iye yaba nesilinganiso esiphakathi, isilinganiso sezinga lesisemkhatsini ezivivinyweni zamazwe ngamazwe eza emuva ngawo-1960. Noma kunjalo, i-US isele ibe namandla amakhulu ezomnotho ezikhathini zanamuhla.
Kukhona olunye ucwaningo lwezomnotho olubabala abahlukumezi. Abacwaningi be-University of Stanford bahlaziya idatha kusukela ngo-1960 kuya ku-2000 kuqhathanisa ukuthi amakhono okuqonda ahlobene kanjani nokukhula komnotho. Bathola ukuthi amakhono okuqonda (njengalawo alinganiswa yi-PISA) abafundi besizwe abathinta ukukhula komnotho esikhathini esizayo.
Izakhamuzi zaseStanford zathi kwakungamakhono abafundi abawutholile okwakubalulekile ekukhuleni komnotho. Akuyona nje isikhathi esikoleni esibaluleke kakhulu, kungakanani abafundi abafunda ngesikhathi besesikoleni. Baphinde bathola ukuthi ezinye izinqubomgomo zikazwelonke ezifana nokuvuleka kokuhweba kanye nemithetho yomhlaba wezemvelo zathonya kakhulu ekukhuleni komnotho.
Lokho isiphetho sezomnotho weStanford esikhombisa ukuthi ngenkathi i-US ingase ibe ngumholi wezomnotho namuhla, sengozini yokuthola ezinye izizwe ezinezici ezinamandla ze-PISA nezinqubomgomo zomnotho eziphumelelayo. I-lag ngesikhathi esithatha isikhathi sokuba ingane yesikole ijoyine abasebenzi yenza isikhathi sokubheka ukuthi imiphumela imfanelo yezemfundo inomnotho kangakanani.
Kungani Lokhu Kubalulekile Kubazali?
Ucwaningo lwezomnotho lukhombisa ukuthi izinga lemfundo izingane zethu ezitholayo namuhla lizobathinta umnotho wekusasa kanye nekhwalithi yethu yokuphila yabantwana. Ukuhlinzeka izingane zethu ngezemfundo yezinga eliphezulu kungenye yezizathu zokuba abaqashi bomhlaba jikelele nabaholi ngesikhathi sabo. Kuzophinde kuthinte isimo somnotho kazwelonke phakathi nomhlalaphansi.
Yiziphi Izinyathelo Zamanje Zokuthuthukisa I-PISA Inombolo Yethu?
Noma yiluphi ushintsho lwezemfundo oluhloswe ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yemfundo yezingane zase-US ezitholakele nazo kufanele zisize ekuthuthukiseni izinga. Khumbula, i-PISA iklanyelwe ukuhlola okusebenzayo, amakhono omhlaba wangempela afundwa ekufundeni, izibalo kanye nesayensi.
I-US ibhekene nesimo esiyingqayizivele ngokwezinguquko zemfundo. Uhlelo lwethu lwesikole lwaqala ngezikole zendawo, izakhamuzi. Abazali namalungu omphakathi bahlangana ndawonye banquma ukuba nesikole. Zonke izinqumo mayelana nesikole zenziwe ekuqaleni ezingeni lendawo, kubandakanya ukuthi ngubani ozofundisa, ozofundiswa, ozoba khona, izinsuku zekhalenda yesikole nokuningi. Lezi zinhlelo ezincane zavumela izikole ukuba zifundise okudingekayo endaweni yangakini. Izikole, ezithonyelwe izikole ziyingxenye yefa lethu likazwelonke.
Ukugcizelelwa kwendawo kunesici esisodwa - izifunda ezahlukene nezifunda ezihlukene zesikole zihluka ngokuphawulekayo kumakhono afundiswe abafundi. Ukukhathazeka ngekhwalithi yesikolo sethu sesizwe kuholela kolunye uvivinyo, ukuhlolwa kukazwelonke kazwelonke kwezemfundo (NAEP) kukhishwa njalo eminyakeni emibili emabangeni 4-8 ukuqhathanisa izinga lemfundo phakathi kwamazwe. Inhloso yayiwukuthi imiphumela ye-NAEP ingasiza ekunikezeni idatha kubenzi bomgomo wezemfundo kazwelonke kanye nendawo.
Yilapho isiqalo sakho sokuhlola esivelele esizwe sithathwa khona. I-Pu nje, imiphumela ye-NAEP ibonise ukuthi izifunda ezithile (njengeMassachusetts) zihlala ziphumelela kakhulu ngenkathi ezinye (njengama-Mississipi) zihlala ziphansi. I-NAEP ephezulu eyenziwa phezulu iphinde ibe nezinombolo zePISA ezinokuncintisana kakhulu, kuyilapho ama-NAEP aphansi kakhulu enza.
Lokhu kuholele ekushintsheni kwezemfundo ezihlukahlukene emashumini ambalwa edlule. Njengamanje, lokhu kuyisici esisodwa esishayela ama-Standard Core State Standards (CCSS). I-CCSS ngumzamo wokuthola uhulumeni ngamunye ukuba afundise amakhono afanayo okuncintisana afundiswa ezifundeni eziphezulu. Ngenkathi izifunda zingadingeki ukuthi zisebenzise noma zamukele i-CCSS ngokuqondile, ukubuyekezwa kwamanje kwi-Elementary and Secondary Education Ac t kudinga amazwe ukuthi athathe amazinga anzima njengeCCSS.
Ama-CCSS ahlanganisa ukufundwa, ukubhala kanye nezibalo - hhayi isayensi. Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuguqulwa kwemfundo yesayensi okwenzeka e-US manje.
Enye yindalo kanye nokwamukelwa kwamaZinga OkuSayensi OkuSungulwa Kwezesayensi . Lezi zindinganiso zenzelwe ukuhambisana ne-CCSS. Lezi zindinganiso zigcizelela ukucabanga nokuhlaziya, kunokubamba ngekhanda. Ukukwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezintsha kuyikhono eliwusizo kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla eliguquguqukayo bese ukhumbula ngekhanda.
Ukugcizelela kwi- STEM ( amakhono wesayensi, ubuchwepheshe, ubunjiniyela kanye nezibalo) kanye nokwandisa isikhathi phakathi nosuku lwesikole esisetshenziselwa isayensi kanye nezibalo ngenye inguquko yezemfundo ekhuthazwa ukubuka ukukhula komnotho esizayo.
Izifunda ezahlukene nezifunda zendawo zizama nokuthola izindlela zokwandisa ukufunda abafundi, ukuze zonke izingane e-US zifinyelele emfundweni ephezulu ezobalungiselela esikhathini esizayo.
> Imithombo:
> Eric A. Hanushek, uDean T. Jamison, u-Eliot A. Jamison noLudger Woessmann. "Imfundo Nokukhula Komnotho - Ezemfundo Okulandelayo." Imfundo Elandelayo . Hoover Isikhungo, uLeland Stanford Junior University, Mar.-Apr. 2008. Iwebhu. 07 Novemba 2016.
> "PISA - OECD." I-PISA - i-OECD . Inhlangano Yokubambisana Kwezomnotho Nokuthuthukiswa, i-Web. 07 Novemba 2016.
> Ravitch, uDiane. "Okudingeka Ukwazi Ngeziqephu Zama-International Test." I-Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com, 03 Meyi 2013. Iwebhu. 07 Novemba 2016.