Ukutheleleka kwama-viral kanye nama-bacterium kanye nendima yabo ekulahlekeni kokukhulelwa
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokutheleleka ezingabangela ingozi yokukhulelwa kwesisu, ukubeletha, noma ukufa kokubeletha. Akuwona wonke owesifazane othola lezi zalezi zifo ezoba nokulahlekelwa kokukhulelwa. Kumele futhi uqaphele ukuthi lezi zifo akuyona imbangela evamile yokulahleka kokukhulelwa - okungavamile kwe-chromosomal yimbangela eyodwa. Lolu hlu aluhlanganisi konke ukutheleleka okukhona okungenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kodwa kuthinta ezinye zezinto ezivame kakhulu, futhi labo besifazane bavame ukukhathazeka ngakho.
Izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi
I-bacterial Vaginosis
I-bacterial vaginosis (i-BV) ikhuphuka ngokweqile kwamabhaktheriya ajwayelekile wesifazane. I-BV ayiyona isifo esithathelwana ngocansi, kodwa njengendlela yokutheleleka kwesitho sangasese, abesifazane abaningi baqaphela isici esithi "inhlanzi" ye-BV ngemva kokulala. Kodwa-ke, ngezinye izikhathi akekho iphunga elibonakalayo futhi ngokuvamile akudingi ukwelashwa kwabesifazane abangenayo. Nokho, ekukhulelwe, i-BV ihlotshiswe ingozi yokukhulelwa kwesisu sesibili. Kamuva lapho ukhulelwe, i-BV ingase ibangele izinqamuzana ezingenakulungiswa ze-uterine. Iphathwa kalula nge-antibiotic futhi ayinayo imiphumela yezempilo ehlala njalo.
Okuningi
I-Chlamydia
I-Chlamydia yisifo esithathelwana ngocansi, futhi singabangela izifo ezivuvuzelayo (PID). I-PID iyimbangela eyaziwayo yokukhulelwa kwe-ectopic nokungazalwa. Ukukhulelwa kwe-Ectopic kuyisimo esiphuthumayo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga ukuhlinzekwa ukuvimbela izinkinga ezinkulu kumama, kubandakanya ingozi yokufa. Ucwaningo oluthile lubonisa ukuthi i-chlamydia nayo ingabangela ukukhulelwa kwesisu esikhathini sokuqala. Njengazo zonke izifo ezingamagciwane, i-chlamydia iphathwa ngamagciwane. Amakhondomu angakuvikela ekunqumeni i-chlamydia.
Okuningi
I-gonorrhea
Nakuba kungekho bufakazi obuqinekile bokuthi i-gonorrhea ibangela ukulahleka kokukhulelwa, izifundo eziningana ziye zaxhuma igciwane lesandulela ngculazi ngokukhulelwa kwesisu, isandulela ngculaza, kanye nokukhulelwa kwe-ectopic (uma kungakapheli isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukudala i-PID). Ukutheleleka kwe-gonorrhea ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kungabangela izinkinga zempilo ezingasongela umntwana. Ungazivikela ngokumelene ne-gonorrhea ngokusebenzisa amakhondomu ngesikhathi sokulala. Uma usuvele unayo, i-gonorrhea ingelashwa ngama-antibiotics.
I-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (i-HIV)
Esikhathini esidlule, ukutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kucatshangwa ukuthi kwandiswe ngokuphawulekayo ingozi yokukhulelwa kwesisu. Njengoba ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile komama abakhulelwe kanye nokwelapha okudakayo kwezidakamizwa, kepha-ke, abesifazane besandulela ngculaza bavame ukuba nezingane ezinempilo ephelele. Ayikho ikhambi le-HIV, kodwa kunezokwelapha ezinhle kakhulu ezitholakalayo ukulawula igciwane. Ukusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kungavinjelwa ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu kanye namanye amasu ocansi.
I-Herpes (HSV)
I-Herpes, enye igciwane lesandulela ngculazi, isifo esithathelwanayo segciwane lesandulela ngculaza esingabangela izilonda ezibuhlungu emithweni yezitho zangasese noma ngomlomo. Olunye ucwaningo luye lwathola ukuxhumana phakathi kokukhulelwa kwesisu okuphindaphindiwe kanye nokutheleleka kwe-herpes okungatholakali, kodwa kuze kube manje akukho sizathu esasungulwe. Akukho kubonakala sengathi kunengozi eyengeziwe yokukhulelwa nokukhulelwa nge-HSV. Kukhona ingozi ye-fetus ekutholeni i-HSV ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, noma kunjalo, ngakho-ke imithi inganikezwa emasontweni okuholela ekuzalweni. Uma owesifazane ephethe izilonda ze-herpes ngesikhathi sokusebenza, odokotela batusa isigaba c sokudiliva.
I-Syphilis
I-Syphilis yisifo esithathelwana ngocansi esingasetshenziswa kalula ngama-antibiotics. Ngenxa yokuthi enye ye-STD eyingozi kakhulu ukuba nayo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, abesifazane bahlolwe njalo ngesikhathi sokunakekelwa kokubeletha. Ukungabonakali, i-syphilis ingaholela ekufeni kokubeletha kwababelethi abangama-40% abesifazane besifo. Kukhona futhi ingozi yokuba ingane ihlakulele isifo sofuba esingumama, okungabangela izinkinga zokuphila ezisongela isikhathi eside noma ezikhubazayo.
Ukugula Okubangelwa Ukudla
Okuningi
E. coli
Nakuba u-E. coli ehlala emaphepheni omzimba wonke, ezinye izinhlobo zazo ziye zahlanganiswa nengozi yokukhulelwa kwesisu. Akukho mthombo wokudla othize ohlotshaniswa no-E. coli. Ingatholakala kunoma yikuphi ukudla okungahlanzekile noma okungaphili kahle, amanzi angcolisiwe, noma izandla ezingavunyelwe. Kukhona ingozi yokukhulelwa kwesisu okuhlobene nokutheleleka kwe-E. coli. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokugwema u-E. coli ukulandela izindlela ezifanele zokuphatha ukudla, nokugeza izandla njalo, ikakhulu ngaphambi kokudla noma ukuthinta umlomo wakho.
Okuningi
Listeria
UListeria yi-bacteria etholakala ezinhlotsheni ezithile zokudla. Ngokuvamile kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinyosi ezingaphiliwe, nakuba zingatholakala emkhiqizweni omusha (kamuva nje, ukuqubuka kwe-listeriosis kulandelwa emuva kwe-cantaloupe). I-Listeriosis (ukutheleleka ngenxa yokungcola kwe-listeria) inengozi eyaziwayo yokukhulelwa kwesisu. Kugwema ngokuphatha kahle ukudla nokuhlanza izandla.
Okuningi
I-Salmonella
I-Salmonella yi-bacteria engabangela ukutheleleka kubantu. Itholakala emithonjeni yezilwane eluhlaza noma engaphekiwe, njengenkukhu, amaqanda, kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi engaphathwa kahle. Kungase futhi kuthathwe yizilwane ezinwabuzelayo, kuhlanganise nezifuywayo zasendlini ezinjengezivunguvungu, izinyoka nezinambuzane. I-Salmonella ibilokhu ihlotshaniswa nengozi enkulu yokukhulelwa kwesisu. Ukutheleleka kungagwenywa ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezinhle zokuphatha ukudla nokuhlanza izandla.
Okuningi
I-Toxoplasmosis
I-Toxoplasmosis ingenye yezifo ezithinta ingozi yokukhulelwa kwesisu. Ngokuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuhlanjululwa kwesikhumba, yingakho abesifazane abakhulelwe bevame ukukwaziswa ukuba bagweme amakati. Odokotela abaningi bezinambuzane basakhuthaza ukuthi abesifazane bagweme ukuhlanza amabhokisi amachashazi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. I-Toxoplasmosis nayo ingaqashwa ngokudla inyama engadliwayo, kodwa izindlela ezinhle zokuphatha ukudla zingakwazi ukuqeda ingozi yokuthola isifo esithwala ukudla.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo
Okuningi
Inqubulunjwana
Nakuba abantu abaningi abadala bengenawo umkhuhlane wezinkukhu (ngokugoma, noma ngaphambili bephethe lesi sifo), inani elilinganiselwe labesifazane abakhulelwe bangakwazi ukuthola isivumelwano segciwane. Ingozi ekukhutheni ihlukahluka ngokuthi yikuphi okukude lapho uthola khona emkhunjini wezinkukhu. Kunengozi encane ku-trimester yokuqala. Kuze kube amasonto angama-36 ukubeletha, ingozi ebantwini ilula uma umama enezinkukhu. Nokho, emva kwamasonto angu-36, kunengozi ye-neonatal varicella, ehlobene nengozi enkulu yokufa ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa.
Izinhlanzi nezifo
Nakuba engekho ingozi eyaziwayo yokukhulelwa kwesisu nangomkhuhlane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, umkhuhlane omkhulu uye waxhunyaniswa neziphambeko ze-neural tube ezinganeni. Nakuba kungekho ukwelashwa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, ithuba lokuthola elilodwa lingancishiswa ngendlela yokuhlanzeka okuhle, njengokuhlanza izandla futhi ukumboza umlomo wakho nekhala nge-elbow yakho uma ushaya. Umgomo wokugoma imfucuza uphakanyiswa abesifazane besifazane abakhulelwe ukunciphisa ingozi yezinkinga ezingase zibe khona kusukela ekutheleleni komkhuhlane.
I-Cytomegalovirus
I-Cytomegalovirus (CMV) isifo esivamile ngampawu ezilahlwa kalula, njengemfiva encane, izigulane ezivuvukala, kanye nezimpawu ezinjenge-flu. Abantu abadala abanempilo kaningi abanomthelela omkhulu wezempilo nge-HIVV. Ekukhulelwe, ukuvezwa kwe-CMV kungaholela enganeni ezalwa ngesifo, esengozini yokuphila okunzima kakhulu, okuyizinkinga zokuphila njenge-cerebral palsy, ukuphulukiswa kwengqondo noma umbono nezinkinga zokuzwa. Kukhona ingozi yokufa kwezinsana ezizalwe igciwane le-CMV. Nakuba ucwaningo lungakapheli, ezinye izifundo zibonisa futhi i-CMV njengesizathu sokufa ekubelethweni, futhi njengesibangela sokukhulelwa kwesisu.
I-H1N1 Influenza
Lolu hlobo lomkhuhlane, olubizwa ngokuthi i-pigs flu, luhlobene nengozi eyengeziwe yokufa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Kusukela uhlobo lwe-H1N1 luye lwaba khona iminyaka embalwa nje kuphela, abukho ubufakazi obunzima bokuthi kubangele ukukhulelwa kokukhulelwa, kodwa kukhona nje okwanele idatha etholakalayo yokwenza iziphetho. Njengamanje, i-CDC itusa bonke abesifazane abakhulelwe ukuthi bathole umuthi wokugoma we-H1N1 ukunciphisa amathuba okutheleleka.
Okuningi
I-hepatitis
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-hepatitis, kodwa eyodwa kuphela, i-Hepatitis E, ihlotshaniswa nobungozi bokufa kokubili umama umntwana. I-Hepatitis E iyingqayizivele kakhulu e-United States. Uma owesifazane ethatha isifo sofuba esibangelwa yi-viral hepatitis ngesikhathi sokuqala kokukhulelwa kwakhe, usemngciphekweni wokubambisana noma ukudiliva. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-hepatitis zingadluliselwa emntwaneni okhulayo, futhi zingabangela izinkinga zesikhathi eside zezempilo.
I-Lyme Disease
Isifo se-Lyme yisifo sokutheleleka kwebhaktheriya sisakazwa ngamakhiza. Izimpawu zilula futhi zilinganisa izifo eziningi ezivamile ezibangelwa amagciwane, kodwa indawo lapho umuntu ekhonjwe khona umuthi ngokuvamile unomthelela we-bull's-eye ohlotshaniswa nokuluma okusiza odokotela ukubona ukuthi kungenzeka yini isifo se-Lyme. Inemiphumela eminingi yempilo yesikhathi eside uma ingatholakali futhi iphathwa ngokushesha. Ayikho ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe banengozi yokukhulelwa ngenxa yesifo seLyme, ikakhulukazi uma belashwa ngama-antibiotics.
I-Parvovirus
Ukugula okuvamile kwezingane, owaziwa nangokuthi uFifth Disease, i-parvovirus ayihlobene nabantu abadala abaningi. Abesifazane abakhulelwe bavezwe ku-parvovirus ngokuvamile banenkambo encane yokugula. Abangaphansi kuka-5% wabesifazane abakhulelwe bazoba nezinkinga emva kokuba bevezwe ku-parvovirus, kodwa kunengozi yokukhulelwa kwesisu okuhlobene nokutheleleka.
I-Rubella
Eyaziwa ngokuthi yisimungumane saseJalimane, i-rubella ngokuvamile isifo esincane sokuthi abantu baphuluke ngaphandle kwemiphumela yesikhathi eside. Ihlanganiswe umgomo we-MMR, futhi ukuzivikela komama kuvame ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kokuqala kokubeletha. Kodwa-ke, uma owesifazane ehambisana ne-rubella ngenkathi ekhulelwe, kunengozi enkulu yokukhubazeka kokubeletha, ukukhulelwa kwesisu noma ukubeletha.