Ukuhlola Ukuphakama Kwesisindo Sokuzalwa Kwesibili
Zikhona amawele amaningi emhlabeni? Kuye kwacatshangwa kabanzi ukuthi kuye kwaba nokwanda kwamawele eminyakeni edlule, ikakhulukazi kubangelwa ukwelashwa kokuzala. Kodwa ukwanda kwezinga lokuzalwa eziningi akusho nje amawele amabili kuphela, kodwa futhi neziphindaphindiwe ze-oda eziphakeme, njengezintathu, ama- triadruple kanye nokunye okunjalo. Futhi njengoba izindlela zokwelapha zithuthukisiwe, kuye kwaba khona ukuhlukahluka kokulinganisa okuphindwe kabili, kanti ezinye zehla eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Noma kunjalo, kubonakala sengathi kukhona amawele lapho uphendukela khona; mhlawumbe uqaphela imindeni eminingi nangaphezulu
abahamba ngezinyawo ezimbili kanye nasemayelana nemakethe noma izimemezelo ezivame kakhulu emithonjeni evela kubazali abadumile abagubha ukuzalwa kwamawele. Ithelevishini ibonisa njenge "Kate Plus Eight" (ngaphambili "uJon no Kate Plus Eight") noma "i-Texas Multi Mamas" ikhanyisa ukuzalwa kwezibalo eziningi. Izikole zibika ukurekhodwa kwamarekhodi nama-multiples kanye nabafundisi balwa nendaba yokubekwa ekilasini . Ukwanda okwehla kwamawele kuye kwaze kwaba nomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo amawele avikelwe esikoleni.
Ukwanda kwamawele
Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngo-2012 lwalubheka ngokuqondile idatha futhi lwakhiqiza amanye amathrendi mayelana nokwanda kwamazinga okubeletha amawele e-United States phakathi kuka-1980 no-2009. Isikhungo sikazwelonke sezempilo (NCHS) kusukela ngoJanuwari 2012 sinikeza ulwazi olulandelayo:
- Ngo-1980, ingane eyodwa kwabangu-53 yayiyiwele.
- Ngo-2009, ingane eyodwa kwabangu-30 yayingamawele.
Lokhu kubonisa ukukhuphuka kwama-76% kulezi zinsuku zokuzalwa kwamawele eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-2009. Ucwaningo lwalinganiselwa ukuthi amanye amawele angu-865,000 azalwa phakathi nale minyaka engamashumi amathathu kunokuba ngabe izinga lokuzalwa kwamawele alizange likhule phakathi nalawo mashumi eminyaka.
Ukubeka lokhu ngamanye amagama:
- Ngo-1980, izinga lokuzalwa kwamawele laliyi- 18.9 / 1,000 .
- Ngo-2009, izinga lokuzalwa kwamawele laliyi- 33.3 / 1,000 .
- Ngo-2014, izinga lokuzalwa kwamawele lalingu- 33.9 / 1,000.
Ngaleyo migomo, kusobala ukuthi izinga lokuzalwa kwamawele lakhuphuka lisuka ngaphansi kwama-2 amaphesenti ezingane ezelwe ngo-1980 ezingaphezu kwamaphesenti amathathu ezingane ezelwe ngo-2009.
Ngemuva kuka-2009, inani lokunyuka alizange liqhubeke ukuphakama ngendlela efanayo. Ihlala izinzile futhi yancipha kancane kancane kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-33.1. Khona-ke, ngonyaka ka-2014, iqhume kancane kancane ku-33.9. Khumbula, kodwa-ke, ukuthi le nombolo ibalwa ngokususelwa kwinani lokuzalwa jikelele (singleton + multiple) ngonyaka onikeziwe. Inani langempela lamawele laliphakeme kakhulu, njengoba inani eliphelele lababelethi liphansi.
Nazi izinombolo:
- Ngonyaka ka-2007 , kwakukhona abantu abangu-4,316,233 abazalwa ngokuzalwa. Kulabo, abangu-138 961 babengamawele. Izinga lokuzalwa kwamawele lalingu-32.2.
- Ngonyaka ka- 2014 , kwakukhona abantu abangu-3,988.076 abazalwa ngokuzalwa. Kulabo, abangu-135 336 babengamawele. Izinga lokuzalwa kwamawele lalingu-33.9.
Kwakukhona amawele ambalwa azalwa ngo-2014 kunonyaka ka-2007, kodwa futhi kwakukhona nokuzalwa okumbalwa jikelele.
Amanani ama-Twin Births Kuzo zonke izizwe
Zonke izindawo zase-United States zathola ukukhula kwamazinga amabili okubeletha, kodwa amazinga aqhubeka ahluke phakathi kwezizwe.
Leli shidi libonisa izinga lokuzalwa kwamawele esifundazweni ngasinye sase-United States, ngokuqhathanisa amazinga ngo-1980 nangonyaka ka-2009 kanti iphesenti liguqukile phakathi neminyaka. Amanani aphakama okungenani ngamaphesenti angu-50 emazweni angu-43 naseSifunda saseColombia, nasezindaweni ezinhlanu (Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, naseRhode Island).
I-states nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokubeletha ngo-2014 laliyi:
- I-New Jersey (44.3 / 1,000)
- EMassachusetts (43.3 / 1,000)
- I-Connecticut (40 / 1,000)
- I-New Hampshire (39.4 / 1,000)
- I-New York (37.9 / 1,000)
I-states ngezinga eliphansi kunazo zonke zokubeletha ngo-2014 laliyi:
- I-New Mexico (25.2 / 1,000)
- I-Arizona (27.7 / 1,000)
- I-Alaska (28.5 / 1,000)
- I-South Dakota (28.2 / 1,000)
- I-Vermont (29 / 1,000)
Izizathu Zokwanda Emaphandleni
Ngakho yini echaza ukwanda kwenani lamawele? Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi kuyindlela nje yokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzala. Kodwa-ke, lolu cwaningo lwaveza elinye ithonya elibalulekile. Kunezici eziningana eziye zabonwa njengengxenye ekwenzeni i-twinning. Ucwaningo olulodwa oluhambisana nokukhuphuka kwamazinga okukhuluphala ngokweqile nokukhuphuka ekukhanyeni, okusho ukuthi abesifazane abakhulu kakhulu noma abade kakhulu banamathuba okuba namawele.
Ukutadisha kwamazinga amabili okubeletha ngo-2012 kubonisa iminyaka yobudala njengento ebangela ukukhuphuka kwamawele. Ukwanda okukhulu kunamazinga amabili okubeletha kwaqalwa phakathi kwabesifazane abangaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Ithi "Ngokomlando, amazinga okubeletha amawele amabili avuke ngokukhula, ehamba phambili eminyakeni engama-35-39 futhi ehla ngemva kwalokho (4). Kusukela ngo-1997, amazinga aphezulu kakhulu kwabesifazane abaneminyaka engama-40." Ucwaningo lubonisa umehluko emazingeni amabili okuzalwa ngokusho kweminyaka yobudala. Ngo-2009:
- Abesifazane abaneminyaka engama-40 noma ngaphezulu: amaphesenti angu-7 azo zonke izingane zokubeletha ayeyi-twin delivery
- Abesifazane 35-49: amaphesenti angu-5 okuzalwa ayenziwe ngamawele amabili
- Abesifazane abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-25: amaphesenti amabili okubeletha ayengamawele amabili.
Lokhu kukhuphuka kuyahambisana nokushintshwa kokusatshalaliswa kweminyaka kwabesifazane ababeletha phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amathathu yocwaningo. Lapho kuphela abesifazane abangamaphesenti angu-20 ababeletha ngo-1980 baneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 ubudala, inani elifanayo laba ngamaphesenti angu-35 okuzalwa ngemva kuka-2000. "Ukukhula komama eminyakeni engamashumi eminyaka kulindeleke ukuthi kuthinte amazinga okuzalwa ngamawele ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuzalwa (okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwemithi yokwelapha) amazinga wokubhabhisa abesifazane besendaweni yabo engama-30. " Ucwaningo lubheka ukuthi ingxenye yesithathu yokwanda emazingeni amabili okubeletha angabalelwa kulokhu kuphakama eminyakeni yobudala. Lokho kuhlanganiswa kuyaqhubeka kubambelela eminyakeni yamuva. Ngonyaka we-2014, iningi lezinxephezelo lazala omama ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30.
Ukwelashwa kokuzala kanye neTwin Birth Birth Rate
Imithi yokwelapha iningi kakhulu ithathwa ngokuthi imbangela yokukhula kwamawele, futhi lolu cwaningo lusekela leyo mbono. Lolu cwaningo lubhekisela ukwelashwa kwe-infertility njengomthwalo wemfanelo engaba yizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokwanda kwezinga lesisu lokubeletha kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-2009. Imithi yokwelapha ihlanganisa ukuthatha izidakamizwa ezivuselela izidakamizwa noma izinqubo zokusiza ukukhulelwa, njenge -vitro fertilization . Ithonya lemithi yokwelapha ihlotshaniswa nenye inkinga yobudala obudala njengabesifazane abangaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu baningi amathuba okufuna usizo lokuzala, isifundo siyavuma.
Emashumini amathathu eminyaka lapho kusetshenzwa khona idatha yamanani amabili okubeletha, ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha benza ukuba imithi yokwelapha iphumelele futhi ifinyeleleke kalula. Ukusetshenziswa kosizo lokubeletha kwanda kakhulu ngawo-1980 nangama-1990. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinqubo ziye zahlanjululwa eminyakeni yamuva ukuvimbela inani lokubeletha okuhlukahlukene okuholela njengomphumela wokwelashwa kokuzala, ngokubona ukuthi ukubeletha okuningi kuhlotshaniswa nezingozi zempilo eziphakeme futhi kuhambisane nezindleko zokunakekelwa kwempilo enkulu.
Umthombo:
UMartin, JA, et al. "Amashumi amathathu eminyaka ezalwa ngamawele e-United States, 1980-2009." Isikhungo Sikazwelonke sezeMpilo , 2012.
U-Hamilton, b., Et al. "Ukuzalwa: Idatha Yokugcina ka-2014." Imibiko ye-National Vital Statistics, uDisemba 23, 2015.