Ukutheleleka kuyimbangela enkulu yokukhubazeka kokuzalwa
Ukwelashwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuyimbangela enkulu yokukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Izifo ezingase zibangele izimpawu ezingekho noma ezinomuntu omdala zingaba nemiphumela emibi enganeni engakazalwa. Uma ukutheleleka okunjalo kungabangeli ukulahlekelwa kokukhulelwa noma ukubeletha, kungaholela ekutheni kube nesisindo sokuzalwa esincane kanye nokungasebenzi kwamathambo amaningi ezinganeni.
Ukutholwa kokutheleleka kokutheleleka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ukuhlolwa kwesifo sokutheleleka kubangela ukunciphisa ukutheleleka kwe-intrauterine nokukhubazeka kokuzalwa . Izinyathelo ezithile zingathathwa ukuze unciphise ingozi yokutheleleka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kuhlanganise nokugoma kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela.
Kubalulekile ukuthi bonke abesifazane abakhulelwe noma abahlela ukukhulelwa baqaphele izifo ezihlukahlukene ezingabangela ukulahlekelwa ukukhulelwa noma ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa.
Ukwelashwa kwe-Cytomegalovirus
Ukutheleleka kwe-Cytomegalovirus (CMV) ukutheleleka okuvame kakhulu kutholakala ekuzalweni (okungukuthi, ukutheleleka kokubeletha) e-United States. Ukwelashwa nge-CMV ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwandisa ingozi yokuthi ingane izobhekana ne-CMV yokuzalwa.
Iningi lezingane eziphethwe yi-CMV ngesikhathi sokuzalwa azikho izimpawu. Nokho, ezinye izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zihlakulela i-CMV yokuzalwa. Izimpawu zokuzalwa kocansi CMV zifaka okulandelayo:
- ukuvuvukala kwe-retina
- ukuqhuma okwamanje lapho uzalwa
- ikhanda elincane ngokungavamile nokuthuthukiswa okungaphelele kobuchopho (okungukuthi, i-microcephaly)
- ukuphuziza kwesikhumba, amehlo, kanye ne-membranes (ie, jaundice)
- ukwandiswa kwesibindi nesipere
- isisindo sokuzalwa esincane
- ukuhlukunyezwa
- ama-deposits amaminerali ebuchosheni
Iningi lezinsana ezinezimpawu zokutheleleka ekuzalweni ziyoba nezinkinga zesikhathi eside zezinzwa, njengokulahlekelwa ukuzwa, ukulahleka kombono, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukukhathazeka kwentuthuko, njalonjalo.
Kungathatha iminyaka ukuthi lezi zinkinga zibonakale. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutheleleka kwe-CMV engakhulelwe kwandisa ingozi yesifo sikashukela, isifo se-thyroid, isifo se-osteoporosis, njalonjalo. Izinsana ezitheleleke nge-CMV ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kodwa zingabonakali izimpawu zingengozini enkulu kakhulu yezinkinga ezinjalo.
Kulukhuni ukubikezela ukuthi yiziphi izingane ezizobhekana ne-CVM enzima yokuzalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikho ikhambi ye-CMV. Amalungiselelo okulashwa ahlanganisa ukwelapha ngokomzimba, imfundo efanele, njalonjalo. Ezinganeni ezinama-CMV okuzalwa, ukwelashwa ngemishanguzo ye-antiviral kunganciphisa ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa kamuva ekuphileni.
I-Cytomegalovirus inobuningi emvelweni; ngakho-ke, kungaba nzima ukugwema. Noma kunjalo, abesifazane abakhulelwe bayalwa ukuba banciphise ukuxhumana kwabo nezingane ezincane kakhulu ezingasakazeka isifo. Isiqondiso esiqondile sihlanganisa okulandelayo:
- hlamba izandla emva kokuxhumana namathe noma izingane
- ugweme ukumanga izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engama-6 ubudala esihlathini noma emlonyeni
- gwema ukwabelana nokudla nokuphuza nezingane ezincane
Ukwengeza, abesifazane abakhulelwe abasebenza njengabahlinzeki bezinsuku kufanele bagweme ukuxhumana nabantwana abangaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-30 ubudala.
I-Rubella Virus Infection
Ukutheleleka ngegciwane le- rubella ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa-ikakhulukazi phakathi nenyanga yokuqala-kuyingozi kakhulu.
Izinkinga ezivamile zihlanganisa ukukhulelwa kwesisu , ukubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi, nokufa kwe-fetus. Kulezo zingane ezizalwa ziphila, isimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-congenital rubella syndrome singabangela.
I-ruben syndrome ye-congenital iholela esweni, endlebeni, nasezintweni zenhliziyo kanye ne-microcephaly, noma ikhanda elingavamile ngokuthuthukiswa okungaphelele kobuchopho, i-autism, nokulibaziseka kwengqondo nokuhamba. Lezi zinkinga zihlala njalo.
Ngokuphawulekayo, imiphumela yocwaningo lwango-2011 eyanyatheliswa ku-BMC Health Health ibonisa ukuthi phakathi kuka-2001 no-2010, amacala angu-16 600 e-rubella syndrome engavamile avinjelwe ukugoma i-rubella. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amacala angu-1228 we-autism spectrum disorder avinjelwe ukugoma i-rubella ngalesi sikhathi.
Ukulahleka okuncane noma okwesikhashana kubandakanya ukukhuliswa kwesibindi kanye ne-spleen, isikhumba kanye nokuphuma kwegazi (okungukuthi, "i-blueberry muffin syndrome"), nokutheleleka kobuchopho.
Ngesikhathi sokunakekelwa kokubeletha, owesifazane kufanele ahlolwe i-rubella immunity. Abesifazane abakhulelwe kodwa abangenawo umgomo wegciwane le-rubella badinga ukugonywa emva kokukhulelwa. Labo abanegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kumele bahlolwe ngokucophelela. Abesifazane abanesandulela ngculazi phakathi kwamaviki angu-11 okukhulelwa banamaphesenti angama-90 amathuba okuletha umntwana one-rubella syndrome ebusweni; kanti phakathi namaviki angu-20 okuqala, izinga liyehla ngamaphesenti angu-20.
I-Herpesvirus Infection
Ukutheleleka kwe-Herpes ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungaba nzima kakhulu kumntwana osanda kuzalwa. Kungabangela ekulahlekeni kokukhulelwa, ukuguqulwa kwesimo sokuqala, nesisindo sokuzalwa esincane. Ukutheleleka kwe-Herpesvirus yomsana kuyingozi nakakhulu ekupheleni kokukhulelwa, ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, noma ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ukutheleleka ekupheleni kokukhulelwa kungabangela i-microcephaly, ukuvuvukala kwe-retina, ukushayeka, ne-hydrocephalus.
Ngokusho kwe-NIH:
Igama elithi hydrocephalus lisuselwa emagameni esiGreki elithi 'hydro' elisho amanzi futhi 'cephalus' okusho ikhanda. Njengoba igama lisho, kuyisimo lapho isici esiyinhloko ukuqoqwa ngokweqile koketshezi kobuchopho. Nakuba i-hydrocephalus ibilokhu eyaziwa ngokuthi 'amanzi ebuchosheni,' 'amanzi' empeleni yi-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - uketshezi olucacile olungeze ubuchopho nomgogodla. Ukuqoqwa ngokweqile kwe-CSF kubangelwa ukukhuliswa okungavamile kwezikhala ebuchosheni obubizwa nge-ventricles. Lokhu kukhulisa kubangela ukucindezela okungaba yingozi emathanjeni ebuchopho.
Ukutheleleka nge-herpes ngesikhathi sokuzalwa noma ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho kungabangela izifo zeso, umlomo, noma isikhumba kanye nobuchopho nezinye izinhlobo zokutheleleka.
Ingozi yemiphumela ebuhlungu kangaka yokutheleleka kwe-herpesvirus inganciphisa ukuphathwa kwe-acyclovir, i-anti-antibiotic, phakathi kwamasonto amane okugcina okukhulelwa owesifazane oye waba nesiqephu sokuqala se-herpes yesisu ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Ukutheleleka kwe-Toxoplasmosis
Ngokusho kweCDC:
I-Toxoplasmosis ibangelwa ama-protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. E-United States kulinganiselwa ukuthi u-11% wabantu abaneminyaka engu-6 nangaphezulu baye bathelwa nge-Toxoplasma. Ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kuwo wonke umhlaba, kuboniswe ukuthi kufika ku-95% wabantu abathile abasuleleke ku-Toxoplasma. Ukutheleleka kuvame ukuphakama kakhulu ezindaweni zomhlaba ezinomlilo oshisayo, omswakama kanye nezintaba eziphansi.
I-Toxoplasma gondii yisifo esithathelwanayo kakhulu esasakazwa ngamakati. Amakati athola igciwane ngokudla amagundane nezinyoni ezithathelwana nalezi zinambuzane.
Uma ukhulelwe futhi unayo ikati, kubalulekile ukugwema ukushintsha udoti lwe-kitty. I-Toxoplasmosis idluliselwa emanzini. Esinye isiqondiso sihlanganisa ukugcina amakati akho ngaphakathi nokudla ukudla kokuhweba.
Ezinye imithombo ye-toxoplasmosis ihlanganisa inyama engcolile noma ephekwe kancane kanye nomhlabathi kanye namanzi angcolile. Khumbula ukupheka inyama yakho ngokushisa okushisayo okwanele. Encwadini ehambisanayo, geza izandla zakho ngokuphelele emva kokuthinta inyama engavunyelwe futhi ugeze zonke izinto nezinto zokugqoka ezisetshenziselwa ukulungisa inyama. Okokugcina, gwema ukuphuza amanzi angaphathwa kabi futhi ugqoke amagilavu ngenkathi usadini.
Abesifazane abanesifo sengculaza ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ngaphambi kokukhulelwa bangadlula ukutheleleka kwengane. Abaningi abanegciwane lesandulela ngculaza abanalo izimpawu zokutheleleka, futhi iningi labantwana abathintekile livame ukungenazo izimpawu, futhi. Kodwa-ke, ukutheleleka nge-toxoplasmosis kungabangela ukukhulelwa kwesisu noma ukubeletha kanye nokukhubazeka okubi kakhulu, kuhlanganise ne-hydrocephalus, i-microcephaly, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo nokuvuvukala kwe-retina.
Ngokujwayelekile, ekuqaleni ukuthi umama usulele nge-toxoplasmosis ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kunzima kakhulu ukugula okubangelwa.
Mayelana nokutheleleka kwe-toxoplasmosis kusana olusanda kuzalwa, lezi zici ezilandelayo zihlobene nokukhubazeka kwesikhathi eside:
- ukubambezeleka kokuxilongwa
- ukubambezeleka ekuqaliseni ukwelashwa
- ishukela ephansi yegazi (ie, i-hypoglycemia)
- ukuphelelwa oksijini (ie, hypoxia)
- izinkinga zombono ezijulile
- ukuphakama kwengcindezi ezungeze ubuchopho (okungukuthi, ukunyuka kwengcindezi engavamile)
- hydrocephalus engaphenduliwe
Kufika ezingamaphesenti angu-70 ezinsana ezithola ukwelashwa okufanele futhi okusheshayo ngemithi ye-pyrimethamine ne-folinic acid esebenza ngokujwayelekile. Ukwelashwa kufanele kuqhubeke ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila.
I-Virus Zika
I-Zika isakazwa yizinyosi ze- Aedes eziluma emini. Kungabuye isakazwe ngokulala okungavimbelwe ngokocansi nomlingani ogulayo. Nakuba iZika isakaze endaweni yaseFlorida naseningizimu yeTexas, ukuguqulwa kweZika ukuqhuma kwamanje kwenzeka eNyakatho Melika, eNingizimu Melika naseCaribbean.
I-Zika igciwane elidluliselwa kusuka kumama kuya ekuzalweni lingabangela ukukhubazeka okukhulayo okukhulu, kuhlanganise nokukhubazeka kwe-microcephaly nobuchopho. Ingozi yalezi zinkinga zokuzalwa ziphindwe izikhathi ezingu-20 kubesifazane abaneZika virus.
Nakuba ukusebenza okwenziwe nge-Zika okwamanje kwenziwa, ayikho ikhambi noma ukwelashwa okuqondile nge-Zika virus. Abesifazane abakhulelwe bayalulekwa ukuthi basebenzise i-bug repellant, gwema ukuhamba ezindaweni lapho iZika isakazeka khona, futhi ugweme ukulala nomngane ongakwenqatshelwe ukuthi angenwe igciwane.
Izwi elivela ku-Verywell
Ezinganeni ezingakazalwa, izinhlobo ezithile zokutheleleka zingabangela ukukhubazeka kokuzala, ukuguqulwa kokuqala nokufa.
Kubalulekile ukuthi abesifazane bacabange ngokukhulelwa bathole umuthi wokugoma we-meses-mumps-rubella (MMR) izinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kokukhulelwe. Kulabo abangatholi umgomo we-MMR ngaphambi kokukhulelwa, kubalulekile ukuthi bayithole ngokushesha ngemva kokukhulelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugonywa nge-influenza, i-tetanus, i-diphtheria, ne-pertussis konke kuphephile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa futhi kunconywa.
Abesifazane abanesifo se-herpesvirus ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kufanele bathole ukwelashwa nge-acyclovir, i-agent e-antiviral, phakathi namasonto amane okugcina okukhulelwa. Ukwenza kanjalo kuzonciphisa ingozi yokukhubazeka kokuzalwa kanye nezinye izifo nokutheleleka okutholakala ngemuva kokuzalwa.
Nakuba kungase kube nzima ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kwe-cytomegalovirus ngesikhathi ukhulelwe, izinyathelo zingathathwa owesifazane okhulelwe ukugwema ukuthintana nezingane ezincane kakhulu.
Ukuze unciphise ingozi yokutheleleka kwe-toxoplasmosis, abesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele bagweme ukuthintana ne-kitty litter kanye ne-cat feces.
Ekugcineni, abesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele bagweme ukuya ezindaweni lapho igciwane leZIka lidluliselwa khona, futhi uma behlala kakade ezindaweni ezinjalo basebenzise izidakamizwa eziphuthumayo phakathi kwezinye izinyathelo zokuvimbela.
> Imithombo:
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> Berger, BE, i-Navar-Boggan, i-AM, i-Omer, i-SB. I-ruben syndrome ye-Congenital kanye ne-autism spectrum disorder evinjelwe ukugoma kwe-rubella - United States, 2001-2010. I-BMC Impilo Yomphakathi. 2011; 11: 340.
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