Izifundo zichaza umehluko emawele ngamahlumela afana nawo afana nawo.
Uchaza kanjani amawele afana nawo angaboni ngendlela efanayo? I-stereotype yamawele afanayo awukuthi afana ncamashi: abukeka ngendlela efanayo, agqoka ngokufanelana, afaka ukwabelana okufanayo nokungathandeki. Abazali bamawele afanayo bayazi ngokuhlukile, noma kunjalo. Naphezu kwezinto ezabelwana ngazo zofuzo, izimpande ezifanayo ziyizici ezihlukile.
Yize behlanganyela ngokufana, banokuhlukana okuningi.
Isibonelo, izingane zami zihlale zibonise umehluko wamaphesenti angamashumi amabili nanhlanu esisisindo sabo. Lapho beyizingane ezisanda kuzalwa, esilinganisa amakhilogremu amane nanhlanu, kwakusobala. Ngezinye izikhathi njengoba bekhulile, akubonakali. Siqinisekisile ukuthi ngempela amawele afanayo, kodwa abantu bavame ukungabaza ngoba "ababheki" ngokufanayo.
Abenzi ngendlela efanayo. Omunye uthanda ukudansa; omunye uthanda ukudlala basketball. Ngokuqinisekile, sibakhuthaza ukuba baphishekele izithakazelo zabo, kodwa ukuthambekela kokuqala kulo misebenzi kwakungokwabo.
Yiziphi Amawele Amangqamuzana?
Ngokufanayo, noma i- monozygotic , amawele avela kusuka kuhlanganiswa kweqanda / insimu eyodwa ehlukanisa izinsuku ezimbalwa ngemuva kokukhulelwe. I-DNA yabo iphuma emthonjeni owodwa, ngakho-ke ukukhiqizwa kwabo kwezakhi zofuzo kuyafana nokuthi izici eziqanjwe yizofuzo zizofana.
Amawele e-Monozygotic ahlale ebulili obufanayo, ngaphandle kwamacala ajwayelekile kakhulu we-chromosomal defect.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-fraternal, noma i- dizygotic , ifomu lokuphindaphinda lapho amaqanda amabili ahlukene ekhulelwa ngesisu esihlukile emjikelezweni owodwa we-ovulation. Awukho okufanayo kunanoma yikuphi ukubekwa kwezingane zakini, ukwabelana ngamaphesenti angu-50 wezimpawu zabo zofuzo ngokuhlanganiswa okuyingqayizivele kwezakhi zofuzo ezivela kubazali bobabili.
Izingxabano zemvelo
Nakuba amawele afanayo afana neqoqo elifanayo lezakhi zofuzo, ukuthuthukiswa komuntu akuyona nje izakhi zofuzo. Imvelo nayo inomthelela. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni kwemvelo yesibeletho, izithonya zangaphandle zingashintsha ukubukeka kwamawele. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amawele e-monozygotic ahlanganyela nge-placenta. I-twin eyodwa ingase ibe nokuxhumana okunenzuzo ngaphezulu kwe-placenta, ithole ukuqala kokudla kwezakhi. Lesi simo singabangela ukungafani kobukhulu phakathi kwezinsana, umehluko womzimba oqhubekayo njengoba bekhula. I-Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) yinye isimo esithinta amawele esibelethweni futhi singathinta ukuthuthukiswa kwawo.
Ngenkathi amawele amaningi ekhula endaweni efanayo yemakhaya, kunezimo eziningi ezenza umehluko ekubukeni kwezingane, ubuntu, kanye nezithakazelo. Njengoba amawele esebenzisa le minyaka eyishumi neminyaka, angase afune nokudala izimfanelo ezingafani ukuze athole ukuthi yiziphi izimpawu.
Izingxabano ze-Epigenetic
Ososayensi baye banikeza incazelo entsha ngokungafani phakathi kwamawele afanayo. I-Epigenome ibhekisela ekuguqulweni kwamakhemikhali emvelo ngaphakathi kwegciwane lomuntu (izinto eziphathelene nezakhi zofuzo). Njengoba isihloko se-New York Times sichaza, "senza isakhi njengegesi noma i-brake, ukuyibeka emisebenzini ephakeme noma ephansi."
Ucwaningo oluqhutshwa iqembu labacwaningi eSikhungo SaseCancer National Cancer eMadrid saphetha ngokuthi, ngenkathi amawele afanayo ezalwa ene-epigenome efanayo, amaphrofayela awo e-epigenetic aqala ukuhlukana njengoba ekhula. Ukungalingani kwanda njengoba amawele ehlala isikhathi eside futhi achitha isikhathi esiningi ngaphandle. Ososayensi banikeza imibono emibili ukuchaza lo mcimbi. Okokuqala, lezo zimpawu ze-epigenetic zisuswe ngokungahleliwe njengoba abantu bekhula. Okwesibili, amathonya ezemvelo ashintshe iphethini lama-epigenetic.
Encwadini eWashington Post uDkt. Manel Esteller, omunye wabacwaningi abaholayo, wathi "izenzakalo ezincane ngaphambi kokuzalwa kungenzeka zibheke ukungafani okuncane okubonakalayo ekubukeni, ubuntu nobuntu obujwayelekile bamawele amancane."
Ucwaningo lubalulekile ngoba izinguquko ze-epigenome zingabangela ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo, njengomdlavuza. Kuthemba ukuthi ukuqhubeka nokufundwa kwe-epigenome ngamawele afanayo kuzosiza abacwaningi bakhombise izici ezifaka umdlavuza.
Imibiko Eqhubekayo Yokucwaninga Abayikho Ngokufanayo
Ucwaningo olunyatheliswa ngo-March 2008 lwe-American Journal of Human Genetics lunikeza olunye ulwazi, ngisho nenselele umbono owakwamukelekile wokuthi amawele afanayo anezici ezifanayo zofuzo. Ucwaningo lwathola izinguquko ekulandelaneni kwe-DNA phakathi kwamawele afanayo, aboniswe ku-Copy Number Variations (uma isakhi sisekhona kumakhophi amaningi). Ucwaningo aluqinisekisi ukuthi lezi zinguquko zenzeka ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa komntwana noma njengamawele eminyaka.
Ucwaningo lubalulekile ngoba izimo eziningi zezokwelapha zingathonywa ukuhluka kwenombolo yekhophi, njenge-autism, i-AIDS, ne-lupus.
Imithombo:
UBruder, C., et al. "Amawele E-Monozygotic e-Phenotypically Concordant and Discordant Bonisa i-DNA eyahlukene-Kopisha-Inombolo-Amaphrofayli ahlukile." I-American Journal of Human Genetics , Mashi 3, 2008, iphe. 763.
UFraga, M., et al. "Izingxabano ze-epigenetic zivela ngesikhathi sokuphila kwamawele e-monozygotic." Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences , July 2005, p. 10604.