Indlela Abayifaka Ngayo, Ingabe Ngokuqinisekile, Futhi Yiziphi Izingozi E-Utero?
Amawele e- Monozygotic akhiwa lapho i- zygote eyodwa , eyakhiwe ngeqanda elilodwa kanye nesidoda esisodwa, ihlukaniswa kabili.
Esikhundleni sokuba nombungu owodwa-okuvame ukuthi uthola kusuka eqanda elilodwa kanye nesidoda esisodwa-umphumela imibungu emibili.
Ngayinye yale mibungu iqala njengengane ehlukile.
Amawele e-Monozygotic ayaziwa nangokuthi amawele afanayo ngoba ahlanganyela ngokwawo amagciwane afanayo.
Kodwa-ke, akuzona neze ezifana nezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo. Ngesikhathi sasizicabange ukuthi ama-mono-amawele ayefana nofuzo, nesayensi esinayo namhlanje, igama lingase lingabi lilungile.
Amawele e-Monozygotic ayingqayizivele yobulili (ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile ezingavamile kakhulu, ngaphezulu ngezansi), wabelane ngezici zomzimba, futhi kungenzeka abe nobuntu obufanayo.
Yini Ebangela Amaphambo E-Monozygotic Ukuba Ayenze?
Akekho owazi ngempela ukuthi yini ebangela amawele e-monozygotic. Lena yindawo yokucwaninga okuqhubekayo.
Amawele ajwayelekile awa (ajwayelekile) agijima emindenini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amafomu afanayo afanayo uma into ethile emvelweni ibangela ukuhlukaniswa, noma kungenzeka, kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe.
(Kunezindawo eziningi ezingabodwa lapho amawele afanayo abonakala sengathi kungenzeka kakhulu, futhi kungenzeka kube nokuxhumeka kofuzo. Kodwa lokhu akuvamile, futhi isakhi asikwazi ukubona ukuthi sandisa ingozi yokubilisa ama-monozygotic.)
Ucwaningo lwe-IVF lusinikeze ukuthi siqonde ukuthi amawele afanayo angakha kanjani.
Ama-embryo e-IVF angaphezu kwemibungu ekhulelwe ngokwemvelo ukuze ahlukaniswe ngamawele afanayo.
Udokotela okhulisayo angadlulisa umbungu owodwa-ethemba lokunciphisa ingozi yamawele angewona ofanayo-kodwa amawele afanayo angase ayenzeka, futhi kaningi kunabantu abaningi.
Ukuze uphenye, abacwaningi babeka amakhamera ukuthatha izithombe njalo emaminithini amabili okuthuthukiswa kombungu.
Ekuthuthukiseni kombungu ovamile, umgodi ogcwele uketshezi ukhula ngaphakathi kombungu. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-blastocoel.
Futhi ngaphakathi kwe-embryo iqoqo lamaseli eyaziwa njenge-cell cell yangaphakathi. Leli qoqo lamaseli lizogcina ifomula.
Kwezinye izimo, i-blastocoel iyawa ngokwawo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubangela ekubhujisweni kombungu.
Kodwa-ke, ngezinye izikhathi, umbungu usinda ngokuwa.
Okubonakala kubonakala kulezi zimo i-embryo igoqela ngaphakathi, ngokwenza ukuthi isisindo sangaphakathi sangaphakathi sihlukaniswe kabili.
Amasenti amabili angaphakathi esitokisini aholela ekuthuthukiseni amawele.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi asikwazi ngempela ukuthi yilokho amawele e-monozygotic akhula esibelethweni. Kodwa kusinikeza ukuqonda ngenqubo eyenziwe, kuze kube yamuva, imfihlakalo ephelele.
Kodwa kungani lokhu kungase kwenzeke njalo nge-IVF?
Ngesinye, umbungu ugcinwe kwisisombululo sokwenza okusebenzayo ebhodini. Ngesikhathi ososayensi benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze bawenze ukuba basondelane nemvelo ngangokunokwenzeka, akuseyona indawo efanayo nombungu ozokhula ngaphakathi kwendlela yokuzala yowesifazane .
Lesi sinkinga singandisa ingozi yokuwa.
Okwesibili, kunemibono ehlukene lapho udlulisela umbungu embelethweni wesifazane .
Kubonakala sengathi ukudlulisa umbungu kamuva kungakhuphula kancane izinkinga zesiphambano esifanayo.
Ngamahloni amaJuda angamaqenqemeni angakafani? I-Genetics of Twinning
Kwake kucatshangwa ukuthi amawele e-monozygotic ahlanganyela i-DNA efanayo. Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso.
Ngesinye isikhathi, amangqamuzana onke ahlukaniswa, kunengozi yokuguqulwa kwemvelo okuvela. Lezi zinguquko zenzeka ngaphambi kokuhlukaniswa kokuqala. Lesi sizathu esisodwa ukuthi amawele afanayo afinyelele engozini yokukhulelwa kwezifo ezibelethwe.
Ngemuva kwalokho kwahlukaniswa okokuqala, amasosha omuntu ngamunye aqhubeka ehlukanisa ngokwawo. Ngokwehlukaniswa konke, kukhona ingozi yokuguqulwa komzimba.
Ekuzalweni, i-genetics yamawele ikhulu kakhulu, efana kakhulu-kodwa ayifani.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukufana kwabo kofuzo kuyaqhubeka nokunciphisa. Lokhu kungenxa ye-epigenetics-isayensi yokuthi imvelo ishintsha kanjani i-DNA yethu.
Ucwaningo oluthile luye lwathola ukuthi ukuhlukana okuncane kwe-DNA kuvame kakhulu kumawele amadala afanayo kunamawele amancane afanayo.
Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuchitha isikhathi esiningi ngokuhlukana futhi ngakho-ke ukuvezwa ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Amawele Ayingqayizivele ... Kodwa Ama-Gender Ahlukile?
Nakuba kuyizinto ezingavamile kakhulu, kungenzeka ukuthi amawele e-monozygotic abe amantombazane amabili ahlukene.
Lokhu kubuyela emcabangweni wokuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungenzeka kusukela ekuhlukaneni kokuqala.
Uma iqanda lithwala ama-chromosomes amabili-(uma iqanda elijwayelekile kufanele lithwale i-X-chromosome elilodwa nje kuphela) futhi lihlwanyela nge-Y-sperm, ungathola umbungu we-XXY. Lokhu kwaziwa nangokuthi yi-Klinefelter syndrome.
Kodwa-ke, kwenzekani uma leyo mbungu ye-XXY ihlukaniswa ngamawele e-monozygotic?
Ungaphetha nge-twin eyodwa ngezwi lama-XX (owesifazane), kanti enye nge-XY (owesilisa.)
Yeka ukuthi kunzima kangakanani lesi simo? Kuye kwachazwa kuphela ezincwadini zezokwelapha izikhathi ezine.
Kukhona enye (engavamile) indlela ongathola ngayo amawele afanayo wezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene zofuzo.
Uma uneqanda elinomunye i-x chromosome (njengoba kufanele), kanye nesidoda ene-Y-chromosome, ngokuvamile uzothola umfana (XY).
Ngokuvamile, uma le mbungu ihlukaniswe ngamawele, uzothola abafana ababili abafana.
Noma kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi iwele elilodwa libe nomphumela we-X chromosome kuphela (ngokuvamile ebhalwe njenge-XO), kanti enye i-XY.
Ngakho-ke, iwele elilodwa liyoba intombazane (ne-disordital disorder eyaziwa ngokuthi i- Turners Syndrome ), kanti amanye amawele azoba ngumfana.
Konke lokhu kusho, lezi zimo ziyinto engavamile, ungacabanga ukuthi amaphesenti angu-99.999 wamantombazane namantombazane awawona amawele e-monozygotic.
Ingabe Umlando Womndeni Wamawele Engafani Ukwandisa Izimo Zokuba Naso?
Ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, amathuba akho okuba namawele e-monozygotic awahlobene nomlando womndeni wakho.
Uma kukhona iqoqo elingaphezu kweyodwa lamawele afanayo emndenini, kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yenhlanhla noma izici zangaphandle zemvelo-kodwa hhayi umlando wezakhi zofuzo.
Kunezizwe ezithile ezinabantu abahlala kuzo lapho amawele avela egijima emndenini. (Noma esizweni esikhulu, ngenxa yalolu daba.) Akukaziwa uma izakhi zofuzo zidlala lapha noma imvelo.
Amawele we-dizygotic amawele-angewona ofanayo-kodwa asebenza emindenini. Imithi yokwelapha ingakwandisa ingozi yokuba namawele.
Amawele Ema-Semi-Awadentical kanye namawele ahlangene
Ifomu elingavamile lamawele e-monozygotic ama-semi-efanayo noma amawele amabili.
Lokhu kwenzeka lapho izidalwa ezimbili ezihlukene zivuthisa iqanda elilodwa. (Lesi esinye isimo lapho ungathola khona amadoda amabili, kepha lezi "azifani" namawele kusukela uqala ngezinhlobo ezimbili futhi hhayi nesidoda esisodwa esifaka iqanda.)
Amawele ahlangene angenye indlela engavamile yokwahlukana kwe-monozygotic, lapho amawele ahluke ngokugcwele uma i-zygote ihlukana. Bangabelana ngezitho eziningi. Amawele amaningi ahlangene afela e-utero noma azalwa.
Kwezinye izimo, amawele ahlangene asele angase ahlukane. Lokhu kuvulwa kuyingozi futhi akukwazi ukuzama njalo noma kugcwaliswe ngempumelelo.
Amawele E-Monozygotic, Amasaka Awo Amniotic, ne-Placentas
Esikhathini esiningi, amawele e-monozygotic anezikhwama ezihlukene ze-amniotic kodwa ahlanganyele i- placenta eyodwa.
Ithimba lobuchwepheshe laleli yi-monochorionic-diamniotic (noma i-Mo-Di), futhi livela phakathi kuka-60% no-70% wesikhathi ngamawele we-monozygotic.
Ukukwabelana nge-placenta eyodwa kwandisa izingozi zokukhulelwa, ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i- twin-to-twin syndrome ye-transfusion . Ukukhulelwa kufanele kuhlolwe ngokucophelela uma amawele ka-Mo-Di atholakala.
Okunye kungenzeka ukuthi amawele ngamunye abe ne-placenta yakhe kanye ne-sac amniotic. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi amawele e-dichorionic-diamniotic (noma i-Di-Di). Izingozi zokukhulelwa kwe-di-Di ziphansi kunokuba zikhulelwe. Kukhona ukungaqondi kahle ukuthi ama-Di-Di amawele ahlale ehlangane (angafani), kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso. Cishe amaphesenti angama-30 amawele e-monozygotic ayi-Di-Di.
Inhlanganisela eyingozi kunazo zonke lapho amawele ehlanganyela khona i-sac amniotic eyodwa ne-placenta eyodwa. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela emawele we-monozygotic futhi akakaze abe namawele angewona afanayo.
Lokhu kuyaziwa ngokuthi amawele e-monochorionic-monoamniotic (Mo-Mo) , futhi ayifani kakhulu, okwenzeka ku-5% kuphela kokukhulelwa okubili.
Ngamawele ka-Mo-Mo, ingozi enkulu ukuthi izingane zingangena emathangeni. Kukhona futhi ingozi ye-twin-to-twin syndrome yokumpontshelwa kanye nengozi ephezulu yokuqeda isimo sokuqala.
Ucwaningo olusencane lwathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-50 kuphela amawele ka-Mo-Mo asinda, kodwa izifundo zakamuva zithole imiphumela ekhuthazayo kakhulu, ne-perinatal (isikhathi ngokushesha ngaphambi nangemva kokuzalwa) isilinganiso sokufa esingaphansi kwama-20%.
Okuningi mayelana namawele :
- Amaqiniso we-Twin Dizygotic
- Ama-Clomid Twins
- Ingabe Kufanele Ukhulelwe Amadodakazi Ngezinhloso?
- Izimpawu zokukhulelwa nezibonakaliso ngamawele
Imithombo:
> Barazani Y1, Sabanegh E Jr1. "Isikhathi Esivamile Sama-Monozygotic Twins Afunyaniswa ne-Klinefelter Syndrome Ngesikhathi sokuhlola ukungenzi lutho. "U- Rev Urol. 2015; 17 (1): 42-5.
I-Cordero L, u-Franco A, i-Joy SD. "Amawele E-Monochorionic Monoamniotic: Umphumela We-Neonatal." J Perinatol. 2006 Mar; 26 (3): 170-5.
> Cyranoski, David. I-Biological Development: Two by Two. Ishicilelwe ku-intanethi 15 Ephreli 2009 | Imvelo 458, 826-829 (2009) | i-doi: 10.1038 / 458826a. http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090415/full/458826a.html
UFrancis F. Fraga, u-Esteban Ballestar, uMaria F. Paz, uSantiago Ropero, uFernando Setien, uMaria L. Ballestar, uDamiah Heine-Suñer, uJan. C. Cigudosa, uMiguel Urioste, uJavier Benitez, uManuel Boix-Chornet, u-Abel Sanchez-Aguilera, Charlotte Ling, Emma Carlsson, uPernille Poulsen, Allan Vaag, uZarko Stephan, Tim D. Spector, Yue-Zhong Wu, uChristoph Plass, noManel Esteller. "Izingxabano Ze-Epigenetic Zivuka Ngesikhathi Sonke Sokuphila Kwamawele E-Monozygotic." Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 2005 July 26; 102 (30): 10604-10609.
Roqué H, uGillen-Goldstein J, Funai E, Young BK, Lockwood CJ. Imiphumela ye-Perinatal ku-Gestations ye-Monoamniotic. I-Matern Fetal Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003 Jun; 13 (6): 414-21.