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10 Imishanguzo Kunconyelwe Bonke Abantwana AbancaneBathi isikhathi sithanda isiguli. Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, ngibheke ngesineke ukubaluleka kokugonywa emibhalweni yami futhi ngibeka ingozi kulabo abahlukumeza yonke indawo. Wonke umnyango wezokwelapha wezokwelapha kanye nodokotela wezokwelapha engihlangana naye usekela ukubaluleka kokukhuthaza abanye ukuba bagome futhi basakaze umlayezo. I- CDC , i-WHO, kanye nezinhlangano zokunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke (cabanga ukuthi izinhlelo zePulse Polio eNdiya) zenze ukugoma kube kuqala.
Okokugcina, umkhondo wokugoma ubonakala ubheke, futhi abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi kwenzekani uma sinqabe ukugoma (bona amasosha aseparadesi AKA Disneyland). Ngakho-ke "masizitholele" ngomoya, ngifuna ukwabelana ngemigomo engu-10 i-CDC encoma ukuthi iqale ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-24 noma ngaphansi.
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Ukugonywa # 1: I-Hepatitis BNgokungafani nenye enye yokugoma, ukugoma kwesibindi se-hepatitis B empeleni kuhlinzekwa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa . Kuhlelo lwe-CDC, amanani angu-3 anikezwa ngezinyanga ezingu-18 ubudala. Leli qhinga lokuvimbela laqala ngo-1991, ngakho-ke uma wena noma othandekayo uzalwa ngaphambi kuka-1991, sicela usenomgomo wokugoma!
I-Hepatitis B iyona imbangela eyodwa yokuhluleka kwesibindi segciwane, futhi ukuhluleka kwesibindi kubulala. 'Kusho u-Nuff.
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Ukugonywa # 2: i-RotavirusI-rotavirus yokugoma ifika ku-flavour 2: i-Rotarix ne-RotaTeq. I-Rotarix inikezwa ngama-2 amanani ku-2 noma 4 izinyanga. I-RotaTeq inikezwa ngama-3 amanani ku-2, 4 nasezinyangeni ezingu-6. Ngisho nokugoma, ingane ingase ibambe i-rotavirus.
I-Rotavirus ibangela isifo sohudo esinamandla kakhulu, ubuhlungu besisu, umkhuhlane, ukulahlekelwa ukudla kanye nokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi. Nakuba kuthinta abantu abadala, futhi, kushaya izingane ikakhulukazi kunzima. Ukwenza izinto zibi nakakhulu, uma ubamba i-rotavirus kanye, ungayiphinde.
Ufuna ukwazi ukuthi abafundi bezokwelapha (nabahlengikazi) bakhumbula kanjani ukuthi i- ROTA igciwane ibangela isifo sohudo? "Ngaphandle kwegciwane le-Anus". Ngibonise umfundi wezokwelapha, futhi ngizokukhombisa ukuthi uhamba ngesichazamazwi sombonisi.
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Ukugonywa # 3: I-Diphteria, iTetanus, ne-acellular Pertussis (DTaP)Ukugoma kwe-DTaP kunikezwa ngamanani ama-5 kubantwana abaneminyaka engu-2 kuya eminyakeni engu-6.
I-DTaP iyisongo esithathu futhi igoma ngokumelene ne-Diphtheria, i- T etanus, ne - P ertussis yamaselula. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-DTaP ingahlanganiswa ukuze ihlose i- H aemophilus i- nfluenza Uhlobo b (Hib), i-polio engasebenzi futhi i-Hepatitis B.
I-Diphtheria yisifo esibi kakhulu sokutheleleka kwebhaktheriya esingabanjwa komunye umuntu othumba noma okhwehlela noma ovela efomite (fomite imithi yezokwelapha ngezinto ezingapheli njengethoyi, insipho noma ithawula). I-Diphtheria ibangela umphimbo obuhlungu, umkhuhlane, ubuthakathaka nokuvuvukala kwe-lymph nodes entanyeni.
I-tetetus ibangelwa amabhaktheriya eClostridium futhi ikhulula ubuhlungu yonke imisipha yakho kuhlanganise nomhlathi wakho ("lockjaw"). Ama-bacterium e-Clostridium angena emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa isikebhe esijulile futhi ahlala enhlabathini (cabanga ukuhamba ngesipikili esidala).
I-Pertussis noma ukukhwehlela okukhwehlela ukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya okuyinto enomthelela kakhulu. Nakuba nje ukukhwehlela okungavamile, ukukhwehlela okuqhubekela phambili kuqhubeka kakhulu e-United States. Ukukhwehlela okubangelwa ukukhwehlela kubangela ukungalawulwa (paroxysmal) kufanelana nokukhwehlela. Lokhu ukukhwehlela kufanelana kwenza kube nzima ukuthatha ukuphefumula. Uma umuntu ekugcineni ethatha umoya, i-pathognomonic noma "isifo" esithile esibizwa ngokuthi isifo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-pertussis itholakala kulesiLatini njalo-okusho ukuthi "ngokweqile" futhi -kusho ukuthi "ukukhwehlela" ngakho "ukukhwehlela okukhulu."
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Ukugonywa # 4: Haemophilus influenza uhlobo b (Hib)Ukudosa i- Haemophilus influenza hlobo b (Hib) wokugoma kuyinto encane. Okokuqala, kunezimbalwa ezimbalwa zomgomo wokugoma ongadinga ukufika kwamangqamuzana angama-4 aqala ekuqaleni kwamaviki ayisithupha futhi aqede ezinyangeni ezingu-15. Okwesibili, uma ingane isesimweni sokuzivikela esibuthakathaka nganoma yisiphi isizathu (ukutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, i-chemotherapy noma okunye), amanani angaphezulu angadingeka.
Nakuba i-Hib iyinkinga efanele kunazo zonke kusukela emibonweni yomtholampilo, i-Haemophilus ifika ezintanjeni ezingu-6: a, b, c, d, e kanye f. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezintambo eziphuma phambili lapho, i-Haemophilus yayiyilungu lokuqala lokuphila ukuze i-genome yayo ilandelane.
Naphezu kwegama layo, i- Haemophilus influenza ayibangeli uketshezi. I-Hib ingabangela i-encephalitis pneumonia, cellulitis (ukutheleleka kwesikhumba) kanye ne-epiglottitis (i-epiglottis enegciwane evala umoya). U-Hib ushaya izingane ikakhulukazi kanzima.
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Ukugonywa # 5: I-Conjugate ye-PneumococcalI-CDC incoma izinhlobo ezimbili zemigomo ye-pneumococcal: i-PCV13 ne-PPSV23. Ukugoma kwe-PCV13 kunikezwa kubo bonke abantwana, futhi i-PPSV23 inconywa ngamanye amaqembu aphezulu abungozi nabantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PPSV23 inikezwa emva kweminyaka emibili; kanti i-PCV13 inikezwa ngamanani angu-4 aqala ezinyangeni ezimbili futhi iphela ezinyangeni ezingu-15.
Imishanguzo ye-pneumococcal ivikela ukumelana ne-pneumococcus, isakhi esingabangela ukutheleleka okubulalayo. Ngokuqondile, i-pneumococcus ingabangela:
- i-pneumonia enamandla
- izifo zendlebe
- izifo ze-sinus
- i-meningitis
- i-bacteria (ukutheleleka kwegazi)
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Ukugonywa # 6: I-Poliovirus engasebenziUmgomo wokugoma i-polio ulawulwa ngamanani angu-4 kusukela ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya ku-6.
Nakuba kungavamile kumazwe amaningi aseNtshonalanga, i-poliomyelitis noma ukutheleleka okubangelwa igciwane lesandulela ngculazi kusakazekile emazweni asathuthuka lapho abantu abambalwa abagonywe khona.
Njengoba abaningi bethu bayazi, kwabanye abantu i-polio ekugcineni kubangelwa ukulahlekelwa kwezinkinga eziqhubekayo njengokwebuthakathaka nokukhubazeka.
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Ukugonywa # 7: UmkhuhlaneKuzingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha neminyaka engu-8, umuthi wokugoma we-influenza unikezwa ngonyaka ngesilinganiso esisodwa noma ezimbili (okuhlukaniswe okungenani amasonto amane). Kulabo asebekhulile eminyakeni engama-7, umgomo uhlinzeka kanye ngonyaka.
Umuthi wokugoma we-Influenza usivikela ngomkhuhlane. I-Influenza isakazeka kakhulu futhi isakazeka ngokushesha emoyeni wezindawo ezigcwele njengezikhungo zokunakekelwa kwesikhashana. Ngokuvamile, izingane zizoletha igciwane ekhaya futhi zithelele ezinye izingane zakubo nabazali. Imfucuza ngezinye izikhathi ingaholela esibhedlela noma, ngokungajwayelekile, ukufa.
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Ukugonywa # 8: Ama-Measles, Ama-Mumps ne-Rubella (MMR)Imithi ye- m easles, m mps kanye ne- r ubella (MMR) ihlinzekwa ngamanani amabili: umthamo owodwa ezinyangeni ezingu-12 kuya kwezi-15 nomthamo owodwa eminyakeni engama-4 kuya kwengu-6.
Izimpukane yisifo esithathelwanayo esiphezulu esibangela ukuhlukunyezwa ezindaweni zomphakathi ezifana namapaki wokuzijabulisa namakhonsathi. Ukwelashwa ngesimungumane kubangela ukushisa, impumu egijimayo, umphimbo, ubuhlungu nokuningi. Kwamanye, izinkinga kamuva ezinjenge-pneumonia ne-encephalitis (ukutheleleka kobuchopho) kungaba yingozi.
Igciwane lesimungulu lidala izimpawu ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi kubandakanya umkhuhlane, ikhanda, ukukhathala nokuvuvukala noma ukuvuvukala kwezingqungquthela ze-salivary. Amaphimpi angaphinde aphethe amacengezi futhi abangele ukuvuvukala (orchitis) noma ukuvuvukala. Uma ithemba lokuvuvukala okunjalo alanele ukukholisa ukuba ugombele, cabanga ukuthi i-orchitis ingase ibenze ngesinye isikhathi.
Ukutheleleka ngegciwane le-rubella kunomusa futhi kuphila isikhathi esifushane. Cishe ingxenye yalabo abathintekile, i-rubella ibangela ukuqhuma okuphansi, okuyinto eqala ebusweni futhi isakaze emzimbeni wonke. Ukuvuvukala kwama-glands ngemuva kwentamo nekhanda (ukuhamba kwe-auricular post ne-suboccipital) kuhambisane nokuqhuma. Ezinganeni ezibelethwe omama abathintekayo, ukutheleleka kwe-rubella kuyingozi nakakhulu futhi kubangelwa ukwelashwa okubelethwe okudingeka kukhishwe ngokuhlinzwa.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngokubheka komlando, i-rubella yabhekwa kuqala njengokuhluka kwesimungumane (isisimungumane saseJalimane) noma umkhuhlane omnyama. (Ukwenza izinto zidideke, ngesinye isikhathi kubhekwa ngokuthi i-rubeola.) Kwaze kwaba maphakathi no-1900 ukuthi igciwane le-rubella lafunyanwa futhi laziwa njengomuntu we-viral agent.
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Ukugonywa # 9: VaricellaUmuthi wokugoma wama-Varicella uvame ukuphathwa ngama-2 amanani: umthamo owodwa ezinyangeni ezingu-12 kuya ku-15 nomthamo wesibili eminyakeni engama-4 kuya kwengu-6.
I-varicella zoster virus ibangela inkukhu ye-chickenpox ne-shingles (i-herpes zoster), isifo sobuhlungu besifo esikhumba.
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Ukugonywa # 10: I-Hepatitis AUmuthi wokugoma we-hepatitis A uyinchungechunge lezinyosi ezimbili ezinikezwe phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 no-24. Amanani amabili kufanele ahlukaniswe izinyanga ezingu-6 kuya kwezingu-18.
Ngenhlanhla, ngokungafani ne-hepatitis B no-C, i-hepatitis A ehluleka ukudala isifo esingenasifo sesifo esingapheli futhi ayivamile ukubulala. Kutholakale emazweni asathuthuka anezimo ezimbi zokuhlanzeka lapho, ngokusho kwe-WHO, amaphesenti angu-90 ezingane anesifo ngaphambi kokuba aneminyaka engu-10.
Izimpawu zokutheleleka kwesifo sohlobo lwe-hepatitis A zingahluka kusukela emnothweni kuya komkhuhlane omkhulu, isifo sohudo, ukunganakwa kwesisu, ukulahlekelwa kwesidlo, umchamo omnyama kanye no-jaundice noma ukuphuziza isikhumba namaso.
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Imishanguzo: I-Upshot (Pun Ngokuphelele Inhloso)Ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile lapho ukugoma kuqhathaniswa khona (cabanga ngendlela esabela ngayo kakhulu), sonke sidinga ukugonywa hhayi kuphela ukuzivikela kodwa nokuvikela abanye. Uma wena noma ingane yakho ingakagonywa, thintana nodokotela wakho ngoba ukugonywa kokubanjwa kunconywa futhi kuyatholakala. Ngisho noma ungenayo umshuwalense wezempilo, uhulumeni wesifundazwe uyazikhokhela ngokugonywa kancane kancane noma ngaphandle kwezindleko.
Ukugonywa kufana nokuvota. Ngokuqinisekile, singathembela kwabanye ukuba bavotele ukhetho lwethu oluthandayo njengalokhu, kodwa kwezinye izifo, singathembela kwabanye abazogonywa ukuze bahlale besiphephile (into eyaziwa njenge-immune immunode). Kodwa-ke, lapho imiphumela yokungasebenzi ezindabeni zezombusazwe yimiqondo nemali, imiphumela yokuhluleka ukugoma ingaba yingozi.
Iziqhumane ngokuqondile ezibangelwa ukunyakaza kwe-antivaccination e-United States nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga nezinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngokuqinisekile yi-#firstworldproblem. (Njengoba kukhonjiswe ngokucacile nguMelinda Gates ku-HuffPost Live, omama emazweni asathuthuka bahamba amakhilomitha angu-10, ekushiseni nangomntwana ekudonsheni, ukuthola ukugoma, ngoba bayazi ukuthi ukufa kukubukeka kanjani.) Ngokudabukisayo, inani labantu abalinganiselwe kakhulu , esekelwe iseluleko sezokwelashwa esingenasisekelo sabantu abadumile (njengo-Playboy odlala naye uJenny McCarthy owaxoshwa kuThe View ngemva kwenkathi eyodwa kuphela), wenqaba ukugoma izingane zabo ngenxa yokwesaba i-autism noma enye inhlangano ehlanganisiwe. (Ungangitholi ngephutha, mina- keoooove i- Playboy njengaye engumfana olandelayo.) Ekugcineni, yiliphi iseluleko ozolilalela: "iseluleko" esivela ekhanda lokukhuluma elingenalwazi noma iseluleko esibonisa ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okuhlangene kwe-CDC futhi zonke izikhungo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke?
Imithombo ekhethiwe
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I-Murphy TF. Isahluko 145. Izifo ezibangelwa iHaemophilus ne-Moraxella. Ku: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. I-Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine, 18e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. Ukutholakala ngoJanuwari 29, 2015.
I-Pringle E, i-Graham EM. Isahluko 15. Izinkinga Zama-Ocular Ezihlobene Nezifo Ezivamile. Ku: Riordan-Eva P, Cunningham ET, Jr. eds. I-Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011. Ithole ngoJanuwari 29, 2015.
I-Zimmerman LA, iReef SE. Isahluko 193. I-Rubella (ama-Measles aseJalimane). Ku: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. I-Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine, 18e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. Ukutholakala ngoJanuwari 29, 2015.