Ukuvivinywa kwe-Norm-okukhulunywa ngayo kuyindlela yokuhlolwa okulinganiselwe okuqhathanisa amazinga "amakhono" avamile kulabo bafundi ngabanye abaneminyaka efanayo. Ngokuqhathanisa abafundi komunye nomunye, kunokwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi ngabe, kanjani, nokuthi yiliphi izinga umfundi ofanele ngaphambili noma ngemuva kwesimiso. Lezi zivivinyo zisiza ekuxilongeni ukukhathazeka kokufunda kanye nokusiza othisha bezemfundo ekhethekile kanye nabanye abaqeqeshiwe ukuthuthukisa ukuhlela uhlelo olufanele kwabafundi abakhubazekile.
Ukuhlola okujwayelekile okukhulunywa ngakho kwenziwa ngokudala izinto zokuhlola bese kuhlinzeka uvivinyo eqenjini labafundi elizosetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokuqhathanisa. Izindlela zesitatimende zisetshenziselwa ukucacisa ukuthi izibalo eziluhlaza zizohunyushwa kanjani futhi yiziphi amazinga okusebenza abelwe amaphuzu ngamunye.
Izibonelo
Ukuhlolwa kwe-IQ kuyindlela eyodwa eyaziwayo yokuhlolwa okunezintambo. I-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (i-WISC) kanye neStanford Binet-Intelligence Scale, eyayaziwa ngokuthi iBill-Simon Test, yizibonelo zokuhlolwa kobunhloli bomuntu ngamunye. Ukuhlolwa kwe-WISC kuhlanganisa imibuzo ekhuluma ngolimi,, futhi esebenzayo ngenkathi ukuhlolwa kweStanford-Binet kusiza ukuhlonza abafundi abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo.
Ukuhlola okuphumelelayo komuntu ngamunye kusiza abasebenzi basezikoleni ukuba balinganise amakhono okufundela abafundi. Izibonelo zalezi zivivinyo yi-Peabody Individual Achievement Test, i-Woodcock Johnson Test of Achievement kanye ne-Brigance Comprehensive Inventory of Basic Skills.
Ngokuhlangene, lezi zivivinyo zihlola amakhono afana nokukwazi ukufanisa izithombe nezinhlamvu nokufunda okunzima nokufunda amakhono.
Indlela Othisha Nabasebenzi Abasebenzisa Izivivinyo Ezingavamile
Ukuhlolwa okuningi kunikeza izikolo ezijwayelekile , okuvumela ukufaniswa kwamanani omfundi kwezinye izivivinyo. Baphendula imibuzo enjengokuthi, "Ingabe amaphuzu okuphumelela komfundi avela ahambisana nesilinganiso sakhe se-IQ?" Ukungafani phakathi kwalezi zikolo ezimbili kungase kusiphakamise noma kukhishwe ukukhubazeka kokufunda .
Bangase basikisele noma baphathe izipho zengqondo kwezinye izindawo.
Ezinye izivivinyo ezizinzile zithunyelwa eziklasini zezilungiselelo. Ezinye zihanjiswa ochwepheshe bezokwelapha noma odokotela ezilungiselelweni zezokwelapha noma emitholampilo. Ukuhlolwa okulungile kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokubheka nokuhlola, zisetshenziselwa ukuxilonga ukukhubazeka noma ukulibala. Kwezinye izimo, ukuvivinya okunempilo kusiza ukucacisa ukufaneleka kwe- IDEA izinhlelo zemfundo ekhethekile noma ukujwayela nokuhlala ngaphansi kwesigaba 504.
Uma ingane ihlanganiswe uhlelo lwezemfundo olulodwa (IEP) noma uhlelo lwe-504, intuthuko yabo kumele ihlolwe ngokuseduze. Othisha basebenzisa ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile okubhekiselwe ukuhlola ukuphumelela kwezinhlelo zokufundisa nokusiza ukuthi banqume ukuthi izinguquko ziyadingeka yini.
Ukuhlolwa Okulinganiselwe Ngaphandle Kwezemfundo Ekhethekile
Izivivinyo ezijwayelekile ziphinde zisetshenziswe ngaphandle kwezinhlelo ezikhethekile zemfundo. Izivivinyo ezaziwayo, njengeScholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) noma i-American College Testing (ACT), yizibonelo. Ukuhlolwa okunjalo kungasetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa abafundi kuzo zonke izifunda, amaqembu ezizwe noma izizinda zomphakathi.
Ukulinganiselwa kokuvivinya okujwayelekile
Ukuhlola okuhloswe ngokujwayelekile kuyindlela eyodwa yokukala amakhono abafundi. Abafundi abaningi, abanakho nokukhubazeka kokufunda, banokukhathazeka kokuhlolwa noma ezinye izinkinga ezingase ziholele ekuvivinyweni kokuhlolwa.
Ngamanye amazwi, imiphumela yabo yokuhlolwa ingase ingabonakali amandla awo agcwele. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuba izikhulu zezikole zisebenzise izikhundla zomsebenzi wabafundi, ukubonwa kwabafundi ekilasini nezinye izindlela zokuhlola amakhono abo ngaphezu kokuhlolwa.