Mayelana nokuthuthukiswa komuntu, igama elithi "domain" lisho izici ezithile zokukhula nokuguquka. Izizinda eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa zibandakanya umphakathi-ngokomzwelo, ngokomzimba , ulimi nokuqonda.
Izingane zivame ukubhekana noshintsho oluphawulekayo futhi olusobala esizindeni esisodwa ngesikhathi, ngakho-ke kungase kubonakale ukuthi isizinda esithile siwukuphela kokubona ushintsho lwentuthuko phakathi nenkathi ethile yokuphila.
Kodwa empeleni, ushintsho ngokuvamile luyenzeka nakweminye imikhakha kodwa lwenzeka kancane kancane futhi kancane kancane.
Physical
Isizinda sangempela sihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshintsho zomzimba, ukukhula ngosayizi namandla, nokuthuthukiswa kokubili amakhono amakhulu okuthuthukiswa kwamakhono kanye namakhono emihle emoto. Lesi sizinda sihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinzwa nokuwasebenzisa. Ukuthuthukiswa komzimba kungathonywa ukudla nokugula.
Ukuqonda
Lesi sizinda sihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo nokudala. Izingane zithuthukisa ikhono lokucubungula imicabango, qaphela, ukuthuthukisa izinkumbulo, ukuqonda indawo ezungezile, ukwenza nokwenza izinhlelo futhi uzifeze. Ubuciko buboniswa futhi. UJean Piaget uchaze izinyathelo ezinhlanu zokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo: isisombululo sokuqala kusukela ekuzalweni kuya eminyakeni eyi-2, isigaba sokuqala ukusebenza kusukela eminyakeni emibili kuya kweyisithupha, isigaba sokusebenza sokukhonkolo kusukela eminyakeni yobudala engu-7 kuya ku-11, kanye nesigaba sokusebenza esisemthethweni kusukela eminyakeni yobudala engu-12 kuya komuntu omdala.
Ezomphakathi-Emotion
Lesi sizinda sihlanganisa ukukhula kwengane ekuqondeni nasekulawuleni imizwelo yabo. Baphinde babone ukuthi abanye bazizwa kanjani. Ingane iqala ukunamathisela kwabanye futhi ifunda indlela yokuxhumana nabo. Bahlakulela ikhono lokubambisana, babonise uzwela, futhi basebenzise ukucabanga ngokuziphatha.
Izingane nentsha zihlakulela ubudlelwane obuningi, kubazali nakubantakwethu kubangane, othisha, abaqeqeshi kanye nabanye emphakathini. Izingane zihlakulela ulwazi ngokwabo nokuthi zikhomba kanjani ngamaqembu ahlukene. Isimo sabo sengqondo sithandwa kakhulu.
Ulimi
Ukuthuthukiswa kolimi kuxhomeke kwezinye izizinda zokuthuthukiswa. Ikhono lokuxhumana nabanye likhula kusukela ebuntwaneni. Izinhlaka zolimi zihlanganisa i-phonology (ukudala imisindo yenkulumo), i-syntax (uhlelo lolimi - indlela imisho ehlanganiswa ngayo), i-semantics (yimaphi amagama asho), kanye ne-pragmatics (ukukhuluma ezimweni zenhlalo kokubili ngezwi nangesilo). Izingane zithuthukisa lamakhono ngamanani ahlukene.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwesakhiwo Eminyakeni Ephakathi
Isibonelo, abantu abayishumi nambili babonisa ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo esizindeni senhlalo-ngokomzwelo njengoba ontanga beba phakathi kakhulu empilweni yabo futhi bafunda ukuthi bangayenza kanjani ubungane besikhathi eside . Ngokuvamile abazali baqaphela ukwanda okukhulu kwamakhono omphakathi ngalesi sikhathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuthukiswa kolimi kungaphakathi phakathi kweminyaka edlule; ukukhula okukhulu, okubonakalayo kokuthuthukiswa kolimi kwenzeka esikhathini esithile empilweni. Noma kunjalo, ukuthuthukiswa kolimi kuyaqhubeka nokuqhubeka phakathi neminyaka ephakathi.
Isibonelo, abantu abayishumi nambili bathola ulwazi lwesigama esisha nokuthuthukisa ijubane nokuqonda kwabo lapho befunda.
Kuzo zonke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezizinda ezithile kungase kubonakale kuvelele kakhulu phakathi nezigaba ezithile zokuphila, kodwa izingane cishe zithola njalo ushintsho oluthile kuzo zonke izizinda. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kuyinkimbinkimbi eningi ehlanganisa ukukhula, ukuguqulwa, nokushintsha ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene.
Umthombo:
UBergger, uKathleen. Umuntu Othuthukayo Ngendlela Yokuphila. 2008. I-7th Edition. ENew York: Worth.