Iningi labantu abadala, ikakhulukazi abazali, abakwazi ukuqonda umqondo wokunganaki ingane. Ngokudabukisayo, izinkulungwane zezinkinga zokunganakwa kwengane zikhona e-United States.
Ngonyaka ka-2015, ngokusho kweBhodi yezingane, ingxenye yoMnyango WezeMpilo NezeNsizakalo Zabantu, izingane ezingaba ngu-683,000 kuleli zwe zazibhekwa njengezisulu zokuhlukumeza noma ukunganakwa, cishe ngamaphesenti angu-75 alabo ababhekene nokunganakwa.
Okubi nakakhulu, ihhovisi lilinganiselwa ukuthi izingane ezingu-1 670 zafa ngo-2015 kusukela ekuhlukumezweni noma ukunganaki.
Ukunganakwa kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuphathwa kabi kwezingane. Kungathinta impilo yengane nengokwengqondo yengane futhi kungaholela emiphumeleni yesikhathi eside.
Incazelo yokunganakwa
Umthetho we-Federal Child Abuse Prevention Treatment Act (i-CAPTA) uchaza ukungahoxiswanga ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "Noma yisiphi isenzo samanje noma ukwehluleka ukwenza okuthile komzali noma umnakekeli oveza ingozi eseduze yokulimaza ingane."
Imithetho kahulumeni ivame ukuchaza ukunganakwa njengoba ukwehluleka komzali noma umnakekeli ukuhlinzeka ngokudla okudingekayo, indawo yokuhlala, izingubo, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, noma ukuqondisa ngezinga lokuthi impilo yengane, ukuphepha, nenhlalakahle yengane isengozini.
Amanye amazwe ahlanganisa okuhlukile ekunqumeni ukunganaki. Isibonelo, umzali olahla ukwelashwa okuthile kwengane ngokusekelwe ezinkolelweni zenkolo anganikezwa ukukhululwa.
Isimo sezezimali somzali singacatshangelwa.
Ngokwesibonelo, umzali ohlala ebumpofu angase anzima ukunikeza izingane ukudla okufanele noma indawo yokukhosela, kungase kungabhekwa njengokunganaki uma umndeni ucela usizo lwezezimali noma uma benza okuhle kakhulu ngalokho abanakho.
Izinhlobo zokunganakwa
Ukunganakwa kuvela ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene. Nazi izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zokunganakwa:
- Ukunganaki ngokomzimba - Ukunganakekeli izidingo eziyisisekelo zomntwana njengokungcola, izingubo, ukudla okunomsoco, noma indawo yokuhlala, noma ukushiya ingane.
- Ukunganaki kwezokwelapha - Ukuncisha noma ukubambezela ukwelashwa okudingekayo noma okunconywayo.
- Ukuqapha okwanele - Ukushiya ingane engakwazi ukuzikhathalela ekhaya yodwa, ukuvikela ingane engozini yokuphepha, noma ukushiya ingane enezinakekeli ezinganele.
- Ukunganaki ngokomzwelo - Ukuveza ingane ekuhlukunyezweni kwasekhaya noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, noma ukunganikezi uthando noma ukusekelwa ngokomzwelo.
- Ukunganakekelwa kwezemfundo - Ukuhluleka ukubhalisa ingane esikoleni, ukuvumela ingane ukuba yeqe esikoleni ngokuphindaphindiwe , noma inganaki izidingo zemfundo ekhethekile yengane.
Izingozi Zezingozi Zokunganakwa
Abazali abazimisele ukuzinakekela izingane zabo. Kodwa, ngenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene, abanye abazali abakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezingane ngokwanele.
Ngezinye izikhathi ukunganakwa akuyona into engenhloso, njengokungathi umama omncane ongaqondi ukuthuthukiswa kwengane eyisisekelo. Angase angaqapheli ukuthi ingane yakhe idinga kangakanani ukudla noma ishintshwe kaningi.
Ngezinye izikhathi, ukugula kwengqondo kwabazali noma izinkinga zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa kungavimbela ekuhlinzekeni izingane zabo ngokunakekelwa okwanele. Ubaba ophethwe izidakamizwa angeke akwazi ukuvimbela ingane encane ukuba ihambe ngaphandle yodwa.
Lezi zici ezilandelayo zitholwe ukwandisa ingozi yezingane yokunganakwa:
- Izinto ezingokwemvelo - ububha, ukungabi nesekelo lomphakathi, ukucindezeleka komakhelwane
- Izinto zomndeni - izindlu ezingabodwa zabazali, ubudlova basekhaya, ukucindezeleka komndeni
- Izingosi zabazali - ukungasebenzi, isimo sephansi sezomnotho, ubudala bomama abancane, ukucindezeleka kwabazali, izinkinga zezempilo, ukugula kwengqondo, izinkinga zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa
- Izinto zezingane - ukulibaziseka kokuthuthukiswa
Izimpawu zokunganaki izingane
Ngokuvamile, uthisha noma umakhelwane okhathazekile ongase aqaphele izimpawu zokuxwayisa ukuthi ingane inganakwa. Ingane engaphansi komzimba ongakwazi ukuya esikoleni noma ingane encane edlala ngaphandle kwamahora onke ngosuku ngaphandle kokuba umuntu omdala angabonisa amafulegi abomvu.
Kunezibonakaliso eziningana ezingabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ingane ishiywa indiva, kufaka phakathi:
- Ukungabikho njalo esikoleni
- Ayinxibo yokugqoka okwanele noma ayigqoke ngendlela efanele ngesimo sezulu
- Iba noma icela ukudla noma imali
- Ingabe ingcolile njalo noma inephunga elibi lomzimba
- Ukusebenzisa kabi utshwala noma izidakamizwa
- Amakhambi ayedinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha noma kwamazinyo, izibuko, noma ukugoma
- Yisho ukuthi akekho umuntu ozokwenza ukunakekelwa
Izimpawu ukuthi umzali noma umnakekeli angeke anakekele ingane ngokwanele zifaka:
- Ukuziphatha okungenangqondo noma okungavamile
- Kubonakala sengathi ayinandaba noma ecindezelekile
- Kubonakala sengathi akanandaba nomntwana
- Ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma utshwala
Ukunganaki ingane akuyona njalo umphumela womzali ongakwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sezingane zabo; ngezinye izikhathi, izinketho azitholakali ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali noma izinsiza. Uma umzali engakwazi ukunakekela ingane ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemithombo, izinsiza zivame ukufakwa ekusizeni umndeni ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zezingane.
Imiphumela yokunganaki
Ngisho noma ingane isuswa esimweni esibi, imiphumela yokunganaki ingadla isikhathi eside. Nazi imiphumela embalwa ingane enganakiwe ingase ihlangane:
- Izinkinga zezempilo nezokuthuthukiswa - Ukungondleki kungadala ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo . Ukuntula ukugonywa okwanele nezinkinga zempilo kungabangela izimo ezihlukahlukene zezempilo. Ucwaningo lukazwelonke lwezingane nezingane ezineminyaka engu-10 ubudala lwatholakala kahle ukuthi izingane ezingamaphesenti angu-28 zihlushwa izimo zempilo ezingapheli eminyakeni emithathu ngemuva kokuba zisuswe esimweni sokunganakwa.
- Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo - Ukungabi nokukhuthazwa okufanele kungabangela izinkinga eziqhubekayo ezingqondweni. Izingane ezinomlando wokunganakwa zingase zibe nezinkinga zemfundo noma ukuphuthuma noma ukukhubazeka kolwimi .
- Izinkinga zomzwelo - Ukunganaki kungabangela izinkinga zokunamathisela, izinkinga zokuzihlonipha, nokuhlupheka ukuthembela kwabanye.
- Izinkinga zomphakathi nezokuziphatha - Izingane ezinganakwa zingase zihlukumeze ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwane obuhle futhi zingase zibe nezinkinga zokuziphatha . Idatha ye-NSCAW inqume ukuthi abangaphezu kwesigamu salabo abathinteka ebusheni babengozini yokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, ukuhlukumeza, ukulimala noma ukukhulelwa.
Ngokomnyango wezeMpilo waseMelika kanye nezinsizakalo zabantu, cishe amaphesenti amabili kwezintathu kuzo zonke izingane ezihlobene nokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane ezibandakanya ukuhlukunyezwa kwezingane ezibandakanya ukuhlukunyezwa. Izigameko ezibulalayo zokunganakekelwa cishe zikhona nabantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-7. Ukulahlekelwa phansi kokulahlekelwa kanengi kubangelwa ukungabikho kokuphatha, ukunganakekelwa okungapheli ngokomzimba, noma ukunganakekelwa kwezokwelapha.
Ukwelashwa Kwezingane Ezingekho
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekwelapheni ingane enganaki ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingane iphephile. Abahlinzeki benkonzo bangakwazi ukwandisa ukuphepha nokunciphisa ukunganakwa ngokunikeza umndeni ngezinsiza kanye nemfundo.
Kwezinye izimo, izingane zingadinga ukufakwa kwenye indawo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala okunye. Ingane ingafakwa ngesihlobo esinganikeza ukunakekelwa okwanele, isibonelo.
Abanikezeli bezinsizakalo bangase basize ngezingenelelo ezifanele, njengezinsizakalo zezokwelapha, ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo, noma izinsizakalo zemfundo.
Ukwelashwa kwempilo yengqondo kungasiza futhi. Izingane eziye zazinakwa zingase zithole izinsizakalo zokwelapha ukuze zizisize ukubhekana nemizwa yabo, ukuziphatha kwabo, noma ukukhathazeka kwabo.
Ukwelashwa, okufana nezinsizakalo zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa noma ukwelashwa kwempilo yengqondo, kunganikezwa nabanakekeli ukuba basize bakwazi ukuhlonywa kangcono ukunakekela izingane zabo.
Indlela Yokubika Ukunganakwa
Uma kuziwa ekubikeleni ukunganakwa, imithetho yombuso ihlukahluka kulokho okudingekayo ukuyibika. Kwamanye amazwe, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha kuphela, othisha, abahlinzeki bokunakekelwa kwezingane, kanye neziphathimandla zomthetho zigunyazwe izintatheli.
Kwamanye amazwe, zonke izakhamizi ezisolwa ngokuhlukunyezwa noma ukunganakwa zidingeka ukuba zibike. Ukusola okunengqondo-kungabandakanya ukubonwa komuntu siqu noma ukukhuluma okukhulunywe ngumzali noma ingane-konke okudingekayo ukubika ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukunganaki.
Uma ucabanga ukuthi ingane ishiywa indiva, yazise uMnyango wezeMpilo kanye nezinsizakalo zabasebenzi. Ungaphinda ubize u-1-800-4-A-Izingane (1-800-422-4453) ukubika ukunganakwa kwengane. Ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe baphenya imibiko yokunganaki nokuhlukunyezwa. Ukuhlola okuphelele kusiza ukucacisa ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwezinsizakalo ezingadingeka ukugcina izingane ziphephile.
Uma ucabanga ukuthi ingane empilweni yakho inganakwa, ungangabazi ukuyibika, ngisho noma ungaqiniseki ngesimo. Ngaphambili iziphathimandla zingangenelela, ingane yangaphambili ingathola usizo-futhi, awukwazi, kungenzeka ukuthi usanda kulondoloza impilo yengane.
> Imithombo
> Ben-David V, Jonson-Reid M. Ukunciphisa phakathi kwabasindile abadala abakunakekelwa yinkinga: Isiqephu esingekho emibhalweni yokuqina. Ukubuyekezwa Kwezinsizakalo Zezingane Nezintsha . 2017; 78: 93-103.
> I-Gateway Information Information Gateway: Izenzo Zokumiswa: Sibutsetelo Ngokunganaki Kwezingane.
> Lavi I, Katz C. Amazwi anganakiwe: Izifundo ezivela ekuphenyweni kwezomthetho ngokulandela ukunganaki. Ukubuyekezwa Kwezinsizakalo Zezingane Nezintsha . 2016; 70: 171-176.
> Shanahan ME, Runyan DK, Martin SL, Kotch JB. Okungezansi ukungezwani kobuphofu lapho kwenzeka ukunganaki ngokomzimba. Ukubuyekezwa Kwezinsizakalo Zezingane Nezintsha . 2017; 75: 1-6.
> Wert MV, Fallon B, Trocmé N, Collin-Vézina D. Ukunganakekelwa kwezemfundo: Ukuqonda iminyaka engu-20 yentuthuko yengane. Ukuhlukunyezwa Kwezingane Nokunganakwa . May 2017.