Kuyinto evamile ukuba zonke izingane zihlale zingcolile ngezinye izikhathi. Kodwa izingane ezinezinkinga zokuphikisa eziphikisanayo zihlala zingcolile cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi.
I-ODD isifo sokuziphatha esiqala ngaphambi kokuba ingane ifinyelele eminyakeni yobudala engu-8 futhi iphikelela eminyakeni yeminyaka eyishumi. Ngokungenelela kokuqala kanye nokwelashwa, izimpawu zingathuthuka.
Izimpawu ze-ODD
Lapho izingane zine-ODD, izinkinga zabo zokuziphatha ziphazamisa impilo yabo yansuku zonke.
Kungenzeka ukuthi babe nezinkinga zemfundo. Bangase bawele ngemuva kwezemfundo ngoba baxoshwa ekilasini ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle noma bangase bahluleke izifundo zabo ngenxa yokwenqaba ukwenza umsebenzi.
Izingane ezine-ODD nazo zivame ukuba nezinkinga nobuhlobo babo. Kungase kube nzima ukugcina ubungane ngenxa yobunzima bezinkinga zabo zokuziphatha. Ukuziphatha kwabo kungase kuthathe umonakalo omkhulu ebuhlotsheni babo nabantakwethu kanye namanye amalungu omndeni.
Ukuze bakwazi ukuthola ukuxilongwa kwe-ODD, izingane kufanele zibonise izimpawu okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ukuziphatha okungalungile kufanele kube okungahambisani, futhi ngaphezulu nangaphezulu kwalokho okubhekwa njengokuthuthukiswa okufanelekile.
Nazi izimpawu ze-ODD:
- Ukuthukuthela njalo
- Ukwenqaba ukulandela imithetho
- Isiphathimandla sokubuza ngokuphindaphindiwe
- Ukuphikisana ngokweqile nabantu abadala
- Ukuvutha njalo nokuvutha kanzima kunzima
- Imizamo yokuzibophezela ukucasula abanye
- Ukuziphatha okuhlukumezayo
- Ukuphatha kabi abanye
- Ulahla abanye ngamaphutha
Izimbangela ze-ODD
Ayikho imbangela eyodwa eyaziwayo ye-ODD, kodwa kunemibono ehlukahlukene. Ithiyori yokuthuthukiswa iphakamisa ukuthi abantwana bahlakulele i-ODD uma bezama ukuthuthukisa ukuzimela ngesikhathi seminyaka encane. Ngenxa yalokho, baqhubeka bebonisa isimo sengqondo esibi phakathi nayo yonke iminyaka yabo yobuntwana.
Ngokusho kwe-Learning Theory, i-ODD imelela ukuziphatha okufundiwe okuqiniswa ngabantu abadala. Isibonelo, umntwana othola ukunakekelwa kokuziphatha okungalungile angase athambekele kakhulu ekuqhubekeni kokungaziphathi kahle.
Ucwaningo lokulinganisa phakathi kwe-1 no-16% lwezingane ezifunda esikoleni kungenzeka libe ne-ODD. Kuvame kakhulu kubafana kunamantombazane. Ngezinye izikhathi i-ODD iyenzeka ngokubambisana nezinye izinkinga zokuziphatha noma izinkinga zempilo yengqondo, njenge- ADHD , ukucindezeleka, nokukhathazeka.
Ukuxilongwa Nokuphathwa Kwe-ODD
Uma unenkinga enkulu ngokuziphatha kwengane yakho, noma othisha baye bakhuluma ngokukhathazeka, khuluma nodokotela wengane yakho. Uma kuqinisekisiwe, ingane yengane yengane yakho ingabhekisela ingane yakho engozini yezempilo yengqondo.
Udokotela noma ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo uyoqhuba ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwengane yakho. Izingxoxo, imibuzo, kanye nokubheka kwengane yakho kungasetshenziswa ukuhlola ingane yakho.
Kunezinketho eziningi zokwelashwa ezitholakalayo ku-ODD. Uchwepheshe wezezempilo yengqondo uzobona ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezingase ziphumelele ngokusekelwe ezinganeni zakho. Ukwelashwa okuvamile kufaka:
- Ukwelashwa komuntu ngamunye - Ngokuya komntwana wengane kanye nezidingo zokwelapha, ukwelapha ngamanye umuntu kungase kubhekane nezinkinga eziyinhloko zokucindezeleka noma ukukhathazeka. Ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukufundisa amasu okuphatha intukuthelo yengane, amakhono okuxazulula izinkinga , nokulawula ukucindezela .
- Ukuqeqeshwa kwabazali - Izindlela zokuguqula ukuziphatha kungaba izindlela eziphumelelayo zokunciphisa izinkinga zokuziphatha. Ngezinye izikhathi umtholampilo uzohlangana nabanakekeli ngokwehlukana ukuze banikeze ukuqeqeshwa ngamasu athile okubeletha anganciphisa ukungalungi.
- Ukwelashwa komndeni - Ukwelashwa komndeni kungagunyazwa, kuye ngokuthi ingane ingakanani kanye nezidingo zomndeni. Ukwelashwa komndeni kungabandakanya abazali bezinyathelo, izingane zakubo, noma inhlanganisela yamalungu omndeni.
- Hlanganisa ukwelapha - Izingane ezine-ODD zivame ukuba namakhono omphakathi. Ukwelashwa kweqembu kungaba yindlela ephumelelayo yokuba bafunde indlela yokuxhumana nabangane ngendlela enhle kakhulu emphakathini.
- Ukuphathwa kwemithi - Ayikho imithi elungisa izinkinga zokuziphatha. Kodwa abantwana bangase bazuze emithini yezokwelapha ngokuphathelene ne-ADHD noma ukucindezeleka okungabangela izinkinga zokuziphatha.
Ukukhulisa Ingane ene-ODD
Ukukhulisa ingane nge-ODD kungakhungathekisa futhi kuphazima ngezinye izikhathi. Ngakho kubalulekile ukubona ukusekela kwakho. Cabanga ukuya eqenjini lokusekela nabanye abazali abanabantwana abane-ODD.
Ukuxhuma nabanye abazali kunganikeza ukusekelwa ngokomzwelo kanye nezinsiza ezisebenzayo. Ungase ufunde ukuthi yimaphi amasu nezinsiza abanye abazali abatholile kakhulu eziwusizo.
Ingane ene-ODD ingadinga amasevisi akhethekile esikoleni ukuze iphathe ukuziphatha kwayo. Khuluma nezikhulu zesikole mayelana nezinketho zakho ukuze ukwazi ukusekela kangcono imfundo yengane yakho.
> Imithombo
> Ibhukwana lokuhlola kanye nesibalo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo: i-DSM-5 . Washington, Londres: I-American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
> Jahangard L, Akbarian S, Haghighi M, et al. Izingane ezine-ADHD kanye nezimpawu zokuphikisa ukuphikisana nokungcola zithuthukisiwe ekuziphatheni lapho ziphathwa nge-methylphenidate ne-adjuvant risperidone, nakuba ukutholakala kwesisindo kwaphinde kwaqashelwa - Imiphumela evela kuhlolo oluhlolwayo lwe-placebo olulawulwa ngokungahleliwe, oluyimpumputhe. Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha . 2017; 251: 182-191. A