I-Anti-Vaccine Movement yaqala nini ngempela?
Kungenzeka ukuthi kuyamangaza abantu abaningi ukuthi bekulokhu kube nokunyakaza okuvimbela ukugoma. Akuyona into entsha eyadalwa nguJenny McCarthy noBob Sears.
I-18th Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Eqinisweni, ukunyakaza okuvimbela ukugoma kubangelwa ukugoma kuqala .
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kuka-Edward Jenner nge-vaccid vaccine kwaqala ngo-1796.
Ngaphambi kwalokho, ukuhlukahluka njengendlela yokuvimbela isifo se-ingulube senziwa amakhulu eminyaka ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba, kufaka phakathi i-Afrika, i-China, i-India, noMbuso wase-Ottoman.
Eqinisweni, u-Onesimus, inceku yakhe yase-Afrika, wafundisa uCotton Mather ngale ndlela ngo-1706.
UMary Mary Wortley Montagu wethula inoculation eNgilandi, esezifundele ngomkhuba eTurkey. Njengoba ekhuthaza abanye ukuba bahlasele futhi bavikele izingane zabo ngokulwa ne-ingulube, kuhlanganise neRoyal Family, kwakukhona impikiswano enkulu. Kuthiwa "Abakwa-Pro-inoculators bavame ukubhala emazwini apholile futhi aqinisiwe akhuthazwa yiRoyal Society, ngezikhalazo ezivame ukucabanga, intuthuko yesimanje yesayensi nokuhlonipha okuphakathi kwezikhulukazi. amathando avuthayo kanye nezindaba ezinesibindi zokudabuka ukugqugquzela i-paranoia. "
Ingabe lezo zimpikiswano zokugoma kuqala?
I-19th Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Ekugcineni, umuthi wokugoma we-smallpox u-Edward Jenner wenza esikhundleni se-variolation.
Ngisho noma lokhu kwakuphephe kakhulu kunomkhuba wangaphambilini kanye ne-ingulube kwakusengumbulali omkhulu, kwakusenjalo labo abaphikisayo.
Kungase kube khona ukumelana okukhulu ngoba ukuthola umgomo wokugoma i-ingulube e-UK ngekhulu le-19 kwakuphoqelekile-kwakudingeka ukhiphe izingane zakho noma uzothola imali, futhi izinhlawulo zazinamathela.
I-Anti-Vaccination League yenziwa ngemuva nje kokuhamba kwe-Vaccination Act ka-1853.
Enye iqembu, i-Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League, eyasungulwa emva kokuhamba komgomo wokugoma we-1867, okwakhulisa izidingo zeminyaka yokuthola igciwane lesibungu lesikhuhlane kusukela ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya ezineminyaka engu-14 ubudala.
Kukhona izinkulumo zokulwa nokugoma e-United States, futhi.
Ukuthi empeleni bawabiza ngokuthi "anti-vaccine" ngenye yezinto ezihlukene kakhulu phakathi kwala maqembu kanye nokunyakaza okulwa nomgomo wanamuhla.
Amaqembu e-anti-vaccine e-19th Century ngokuvamile:
- uthe imithi izokugulisa
- i-despotism yezokwelapha esecaleni, "into ekhuni, yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, ukungathembeki" ngokudala izenzo zokugoma
- waxwayiswa ngamakhemikhali anobuthi emitholampilo, okuyi-carbolic acid emgodini wokugoma
- uthe umuthi wokugoma we-smallpox kaJenner awuzange usebenze
- uphonsela ezinye izindlela zokwelashwa, kuhlanganise nabashushumbisi bokudla, ama-homeopaths, nama-hydropath, njll.
- basebenzisa izincwadi zabo siqu ukuze babesabe abantu kude nemigomo
Baze baba namademoni athile bajoyina inhlangano yokulwa nokugoma, kuhlanganise noGeorge Barnard Shaw, owayekholelwa nasezintweni zokubeletha nase-eugenics.
I-20th Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Amaqembu e-anti-vaccine awazange ashintshe okuningi kuma-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Kungenzeka ukuthi akumangazi kakhulu, njengoba ngemuva kokugoma komkhuhlane we-chicken, cishe eminyakeni eyi-100 ngaphambi kokuba omunye umuthi wokugonywa uphuthukiswe-umgomo kaLouis Pasteur ngokumelene ne-rabies ngo-1885.
Kwabe sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 ngaphambi kokuba i-American Academy of Pediatrics ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa komuthi wokugoma we-pertussis (1943).
Emashumini ambalwa ambalwa alandelayo, ezinye izitofu ezibalulekile esiziziyo namuhla zakhiwe, kuhlanganise nomgomo wokugoma we-DPT, imishanguzo ye-polio, kanye ne-MMR, njll.
Yiqiniso, ukunyakaza okuvimbela ukugoma kwakusaphila futhi kuhle ngalesi sikhathi, besebenzisa wonke amaqhinga afanayo.
Ngo-1973, uJohn Wilson noMnuz Kulenkampff babika izingane ezingama-50 ezitholakala eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-11 eSibhedlela Sezingane Ezigulayo eLondon. Ubike ngokuqoqwa kwezinkinga ze-neurolo emahoreni angu-24 okuqala wezingane ezithola isibhamu se-DPT, nakuba iqembu lakhe lingabonanga ngempela izingane ezinyangeni noma eminyakeni edlule.
Ngo-1974, babika ukutholakala kwama-36 kulawa bantwana ku- Archives of Diseases in Childhood .
Njengombiko wamuva kaWakefield, ukufakwa kwezindaba kwalezi zinsuku kwaholela ekwesabeni imigomo kanye namazinga aphansi okugoma. UJohn Wilson wabonakala ngisho nakuleli "Liviki," yisiboniso se-TV esiphezulu e-UK. Imiphumela ayengalindelekile. Ngaphandle kokugqashuka okukhulu eNgilandi, okungenani amacala angu-100 000 kanye nokufa kuka-36, kwakukhona ukuqubuka kwe-pertussis nokufa eJapane, eSweden naseWales ngemuva kwalolu cwaningo. Nokho, ukufa kwabantu base-Pertussis e-UK kungenzeka kuthiwa, kanti abanye ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi inani langempela lokushona kwabantwana laliseduze no-600.
Nakuba abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi "i-DPT: i-DPT Roulette Vaccine" ngo-1982 yasiza ukwakha ukunyakaza kwamanje okuvimbela ukugoma, kufanele kucace ukuthi abanye babenezandla.
Lesi yisikhathi futhi uDkt. Robert Mendelsohn, owazibiza ngokuthi "uchwepheshe wezokwelapha" kanye noyedwa wezingane zokuqala zokulwa nomuthi wokugoma, waba yindlovu yokubhala "I-Medical Time Bomb of Immunization Against Disease" futhi wenza ukuzungeza inkulumo imibukiso yosuku. UMendelsohn naye wayephikisana nokufaka i-fluoride emanzini kanye nokuhlinzeka nge-coronary bypass, ukugunyazwa kwelayisensi yezidakamizwa, nokuhlolwa kokuhlola ukuhlola umdlavuza webele. "
Umbukiso weLea Thompson wenza uBarbara Loe Fisher nabanye abazali abambalwa ukuba benze iqembu labazali abangenelisekile ndawonye (DPT). Futhi kusukela lapho sathola incwadi yakhe, "A Shot in the Dark," eyayinethonya elikhulu kuDkt. Bob Sears, kanye nokwakhiwa kokugcina kweNational Information Center Centre.
Futhi njengoba izingcaphuno ze- "DPT: I-Roulette yokugoma" zibuye zigijime ezweni lonke kwi- Today Show , cishe zathonya abantu abaningi.
Okulandelayo kwabekwa icala lokuthi umgomo we-DPT wabangela i- SIDS . Futhi ukuthi ukugonywa kwe-hepatitis B kubangela i-SIDS. UBarbara Loe Fisher ubephakathi kwalezi zinsolo eziningi, waze wafakaza phambi kweCongress.
Futhi ngenkathi ngokuqinisekile wayengewona udumo wokuqala wokulwa nokugoma, lesi yisikhathi (1990) lapho uLeron Bonet we- The Cosby Show udumo ehamba nge- The Donahue Show futhi wathi imithi "ingafaka" amancane ama-microorganisms egazini lezingane zethu " imiphumela engaba yinto encane noma ingaba yingozi kakhulu - futhi ingaba nje isifo sokuphefumula noma isifo se-asthma noma ukulala noma ingaba nomdlavuza, i-leukemia, i-multiple sclerosis, i-infant disease syndrome ngokuzumayo. cabanga ngoba ngangizizwa ngingalungile ukwenza lokhu ... yingakho angizange ngikwenze. Uyazi ukuthi kufanele sicabange kabili. Uyazi ukuthi kungani izingane zethu zithola lezi zifo? "
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-1994, owokuqala oyisithulu u-Miss America wamiswa, unina esolwa ngokugonywa kwe-DPT ngenxa yesithulu somntanakhe. Njengezinye izindaba eziningi zokugonywa, indaba kaHeather Whitestone akuyona into eyayibonakala ngayo. Udokotela wezingane wakhe wafika ngokushesha wabeka irekhodi ngqo-wayengumuntu oyisithulu ngenxa yesimo esasongela impilo ye-Hib meningitis kanye nokwelapha okwalandela nge-antibiotic ye-ototoxic. Kuthatha izinsuku eziningana ukuthi abezindaba baqhubekele indaba eqondisiwe, noma kunjalo.
Ukuzalwa ngo-1973, bekuzoba neminye iminyaka engu-15 ngaphambi kokugonywa kwe-Hib kuqala futhi yaqala ukuhlinzeka izingane. Ukugonywa kwe-DPT, okungakaze kuboniswe ukuthi kubangele izinkinga zokuzwa, akuhlangene nokuzwa okungenakuzwa kukaHeather Whitestone. Ngokuqinisekile akuzange kuvimbele amaqembu aphikisayo ekusebenziseni indaba yakhe yokuqala kanye nabezindaba ukuze babesabe abazali ngemigomo, noma kunjalo.
Lokhu cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo uK Katie Couric enza ingxenye ye-NBC News show Now kanye noTom Brokaw noK Katie Couric mayelana ne-DPT "inkatho eshisayo."
Kodwa-ke, izinto azizange zihambele ngempela emnyangweni wamanje wokulwa nokugoma kuze kube yinkomfa ka-1998 yokucwaninga kukaAndrew Wakefield, lapho ethi "lokho kungukuzwa kwami, ukuthi ingozi yalesi sifo eqhubekayo ihlobene emtholampilo ohlangene, i-MMR, kunemigomo eyodwa. "
Ama-ABC angu- 20/20 angene ngisho nokungahambisani nokuvimbela imithi, ukukhulisa "imibuzo emisha emayelana nokugoma izingane eziningi ziphoqelekile ukuba zifinyelele" esiqhingini sazo se-1999 esithi "Ubani Oshayela Amabhomu?"
Abezindaba abazange bathathe isithakazelo esikhulu lokuthi:
- uchungechunge lwezigwegwe eNgilandi ezalethwa ngokumelene nabakhiqizi bemithi ye-DPT ethi bangela ukuthi izingane zihlakulele ingozi nokulimala komqondo konke okuthola ukuthi imishanguzo ye-DPT ayizange ibangele ukulimala kwegciwane
- umbiko we-IOM ka-1991 ophetha ngokuthi ubufakazi abubonakali ubuhlobo bokuhlukana phakathi kwe-DPT ne-SIDS futhi kwakungekho ubufakazi obanele bokuphakamisa ubudlelwane be-causal emkhatsini we-DPT nomonakalo ongapheli wezinzwa kanye nezinye izifo eziningi
- Amacala amaningi okugonywa kwe-vaccine encephalopathy ngaseceleni kokugonywa kwe-DPT ayebangelwa yi-Dravet syndrome
Kumele futhi kubhekwe ngokuthi "ukungasebenzi kwemithombo yezindaba" ukuthi abazange balungise yonke imininingwane engalungile kuyi-Vaccine Roulette piece.
I-21st Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Amaqembu e-anti-vaccine ekhulwini lama-21 awahluke kakhulu kuma-19th Century. Namanje:
- sithi imithi izokugulisa
- blame Big Pharma
- uxwayisa ngamakhemikhali anobuthi kanye ne-toxin emitholampilo, nakuba beqhubeka nokushintsha ukuthi yiziphi amakhemikhali abakhathazekayo, ezihamba ukusuka ekuthatheni i-thimerosal kuya ku-formaldehyde ne- aluminium , njll.
- bathi umuthi wokugoma ka-Jenner awuzange usebenze futhi awukwenzi nanoma yiziphi ezinye
- phonsa ezinye izindlela zokwelashwa, kuhlanganise nabalusi bezinyosi, amakhaya asekhaya, ama-chiropractic, ama-naturopaths, nabanye abahlinzeki abaphelele
- basebenzise izincwadi zabo ukuze babesabe abantu emigodini yokugoma
Omunye umehluko wukuthi kunokuba abantu abambalwa babhale amapheshana ngemibono yabo yokulwa nokugoma, njengoba benza eBoston ngo-1721, manje noma ubani angakwazi ukufinyelela abantu abaningi ngokuqala i-website yabo noma ibhulogi, ukuthumela emabhokisini omyalezo, ukubhala incwadi , noma ukufika ku-TV, njll.
Enye yukuthi ngisho nangaphezulu kwe-20th Century ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi, sabona ukukhuphuka okukhulu kubazali bezindaba abesabekayo mayelana nemigomo eminyakeni eyishumi noma engu-15 edlule, kubandakanya:
- UJenny McCarthy ku- Larry King Live
- U-Holly Pete ku- Larry King Live
- UJenny McCarthy ku- Oprah ngo-2007
- UJenny McCarthy emagazini ka-Time ngo-2009
- UMat Lauer uxoxa noAndrew Wakefield ngeDateline ngo-2009
- Katie Couric ne-HPV ngo-2013
- UBarbara Loe Fisher okhuluma "Amagciwane Okuphoqelelwe" kuLou Dobbs ngo-2009
- Matt Lauer kanye nesiqephu sakhe se- Dateline esiyisikhathi eside, A Dose of Controversy, no Andrew Wakefield ngokwakhe
- URobert DeNiro on the Today Show ngo-2016
Lesi yisikhathi lapho sibona khona ukukhulunywa kwabaphikisi be-anti-vaccine kanye nabahlengikazi bezingane.
Futhi bekufanele sibabone beza. Sasingaphansi kweviki ngonyaka ka-2000 lapho uCindy Crawford evele kuGood Morning America nodokotela wakhe wezidakamizwa, uDkt Jay Gordon.
Kodwa yini ehluke kakhulu namuhla? Nakuba iningi labantu lisaqhubeka ligoma izingane zabo, amaqoqo ezingane ezingenakuvotelwa ngenhloso ngokuqinisekile ayanda. Futhi yizigaba zezingane ezingavunyelwe kanye nabantu abadala abaholela ekukhuleni kwezifo ezigwenywe ukugoma eziba nzima ukulawula.
Into eyodwa engase ihluke manje ukuthi abantu abaningi baye baqonda kwiMvelo yilona inhlangano entsha yezokwelapha. Kusuka emilonyeni ye-amber namafutha abalulekile emakhulwini ezemidlalo kanye nemithi "ye-homeopathic" kuma-shelf ekhemisi, lezi zinto ziyahambisana nokunyakaza okulwa nomgomo wamanje.
Ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izingane ezincane ezenza izinhlelo zokuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela umzali okungezona ezejwayelekile, ezikhethwe ngabazali, manje sinezazi eziningi zokwelashwa, ama-naturopaths, izingane eziphelele zezingane, kanye nabahlengikazi bezingane ezibandakanya izingane ezingase zeluleka umzali ukuba aswe imithi ngokugcwele. Futhi noDkt. Oz ku-TV bexosha eziningi zalezi zinhlobo zemithi ephelele ku-TV nsuku zonke, cishe kubonakala sengathi kuyinto enhle ukuyenza.
Amawebhusayithi amakhulu okulungisa imvelo aphinde aqhube konke okuvela ekudleni okwenziwe eziqhingini zezokwelashwa ahlinzeke ngefolda eminingi yabantu abavimbela ukugoma. Abanye abaningi bashukumisa ukwesaba ngamakhemikhali, ngakho akumangazi ukuthi kungaba lula ukwesaba abazali ngemigomo.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lezizinto azizange zibe zivamile, kungukuthi ukunyakaza okuvimbela ukugoma sekube ibhizinisi elikhulu. Ukusuka ekuthengiseni amavithamini, ama-supplements, ama-e-izincwadi, ama-e-izifundo, kanye nokwelashwa okuphelele ukuphishekela imithetho emisha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane zingakwazi ukuhlala zingenakuzivikela futhi zingavimbelwe, yizona ezincane kakhulu.
Yiqiniso, lokho akubenzi kahle.
Thola Abafundi . Thola Ukugonywa . Misa iziqhumane .
Imithombo:
> Ukunikezwa. Izinketho ezibulalayo.
Imishanguzo (Umshicileli Wesithupha) 2013
Wolfe RM. Abaphikisana nomuthi wokugoma abadlulile nabanamuhla. BMJ. 2002d; 325: 430-432.