Kuyini ukucabanga ngokukhonkolo futhi yiziphi ezinye izibonelo? Lokhu kuhluke kanjani ekucabangeni okungaqondakali?
Amafomu Okubonisana
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokucabangela: ukukhonkolo nokungaqondakali. Zombili zibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kodwa abantu abaningi bangcono kunhlobo olulodwa lokucabanga kunolunye. Izingane ezinokukhubazeka kokufunda zingase zithole kunzima kakhulu kunezingane ezivamile ukucabanga ngezinkinga ukuthola isisombululo.
I-Abstract Versus Concrete Reasoning
Ukucabanga okungabonakali kuhilela ukucabanga nokuphatha imibono nemicabango. Imicabango engabonakali ingaba yinto emangalisayo ebalulekile impilo yansuku zonke. Isibonelo, lamakhono abaluleke kakhulu adinga ukucabanga okungabonakali:
- Ukuphathwa kwesikhathi
- Ukuqonda i-geography eyisisekelo (imibono yedolobheni, izwe, izwe, njll yizo zonke izinto ezingezansi)
- Ukuqeda izinkinga ze-arithmetic ngaphandle kokusebenza ngezandla (izinombolo zingabonakali uma zingahlotshaniswa nezinto)
- Ukuxoxisana ngemibono (izakhiwo zezindaba, ezombusazwe, inkolo, kanye nemibono efana neqiniso, ukungabi nabulungisa, kanye nokubambisana konke kubonakala)
Ukucabangela okubalulekile kuhilela ikhono lokuhlaziya ulwazi nokuxazulula izinkinga ngezinga langempela ("ukhonkolo"). Sisebenzisa ukucabanga ngokukhonkolo lapho sicabanga futhi sixazulula izinkinga ngezandla. Imisebenzi yokucabanga ephathekayo ihlanganisa amakhono afana nalokhu:
- Ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwamagama wezinto, izindawo, nabantu
- Ukuqonda imbangela eyisisekelo nokusebenza ubudlelwane
- Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingabandakanyi i-theory, isichazamazwi, noma ukufana okuyinkimbinkimbi
Izibonelo
Uma ingane ikwazi ukuxazulula i-jigsaw puzzle isebenzisa ukucabanga kokukhonkolo. Ezinye izibonelo zifaka:
- Ikhono lokubikezela umphumela womcimbi ongokomzimba ("kuzokwenzekani uma ngidonsa leli bhola kusuka ekuphakameni kwezinyawo eziyishumi?")
- Ikhono lokufunda ibalazwe nokuqonda amaphuzu wekhampasi
- Ikhono lokufunda, ukuqonda nokusebenza ematheksthini eqiniso (ukufunda nokulandela imiyalo, ukufunda, nokwakha kusuka kumdwebo noma isakhiwo, njll)
- Ikhono lokubala nokwenza izibalo usebenzisa izinto noma izithombe
Okubalulekile
Ukucabangela okubalulekile kubalulekile ngoba yisisekelo solwazi lonke. Abafundi badinga ukuqonda okuqinile imiqondo eyisisekelo yezemfundo nokuxazulula izinkinga. Lokhu kwenza bakwazi ukufunda imibono emisha. Kuyasiza ngokufunda kamuva ngoba inikeza abafundi ikhono lokuxhumanisa imibono emisha kwimibono efundwe ngaphambilini. Lokhu kugqugquzela imemori yesikhathi eside yesikhathi eside.
Ukucabangela okuyiqiniso nakho kuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuhamba emhlabeni. Ngombono okhonjiwe, singalindela imiphumela (uma ngihamba phambi kwaleli bhayisikili ngalesi sikhathi, amathuba angangishaya). Singakwazi futhi ukuxazulula izinkinga zobuchwepheshe ezivela nsuku zonke (ukudla okufanelekayo esikhwameni sokudla, ukuhlela umzila oya endaweni olandelayo, usebenzisa isambulela lapho kuvula).
Ngenkathi sizwa okuningi ngokubaluleka kokucabanga okungaqondakali, ngezinye izikhathi kukhohliwe ukuthi ukucabanga ngokukhonkolo kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile lapho kungabonakala khona ukucabanga okungabonakali.
Uma kunezinkinga ngokucabanga ngokukhonkolo, ukuthuthukiswa kokucabanga okungabonakali kuyoba yinkinga.
Iminyaka yobuntwana ngaphandle kokukhubazeka kokufunda yintuthuko ngokuqonda ngokuqinile kokucabanga okukhonkolo okufakazela ukucabanga okungaqondakali lapho ingane ikhula (ngokuvamile ephakathi kweminyaka engu-12)
Ukuqhathaniswa Kokuqhathaniswa Kanjani
Ukucabangela okucatshangwayo kuvame ukulinganiswa ekuhloleni okugcwele kwekhono lobuhlakani, noma i-IQ. Ukuhlolwa okuningi kobunhloli obunwetshiwe kuhlola izinhlobo eziningana zamakhono okuxazulula izinkinga, kufaka phakathi ukucabanga okukhonjisiwe. Izivivinyo eziningi zobuhlakani azifaki.
Izindlela Zokusiza Izingane Ezinezizathu Ezizwakalayo
Abafundi abanenkinga yokucabangisisa ngokuqondile bangase bazuze eziningana zezindlela kanye nezinto ezibandakanya:
- Izindlela zokufundisa eziningi kanye nezinto zokwakha
- Ukulungiswa kwabafundi abanezinkinga zelimi
- Imidlalo yokuthuthukisa inkumbulo
- Ukwelashwa kwenkulumo
- Ukwelapha ulimi
- Ukwelapha emsebenzini
Ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga ngokukhonkolo kungadlalwa kakhulu emsebenzini. Njengoba lolu hlobo lokucabangela luhilela ukuthola izixazululo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga zansuku zonke, umhlaba ungaba umfundisi nomfundisi. Uma ingane yakho inenkinga yokucabangisisa, impilo yakhe yasemakhaya ingaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezingenhla ekuthuthukiseni amakhono akhe. Uma uzizwa ukhululekile njengomzali, khumbula ukuthi zingaki izingane ezithola okuningi kula makghono okucabanga okukhonkolo: ngokuzijabulisa.
Imithombo:
Davis, T., Goldwater, M., noJer Giron. Ukusuka Izibonelo Zezikhonkwane Kuzobudlelwane Abalingani: I-Rostrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Ihlanganisa Izibonelo Zesiveli Kuzigaba Ezihlobene. I-Cerebral Cortex . 2016 Apr 20. (Epub ngaphambi kokuphrinta).