Ukwahlukana Phakathi Kwenkinga Yomntwana Nezingane Zabantu abadala
Izinzuzo ezimbalwa zokuncelisa ukubeletha zingcono kakhulu zokudla kanye nokubopha okwenzekayo. Kodwa kwenzekani lapho umntwana ehlanjululwa futhi edla kahle? Ingxenye ngayinye yepheshana lokugaya inezinto ezithile ezisebenza ezokuthutha nokugaya ukudla okubalulekile ekukhuleni kwengane yakho. Ukugaya ubisi lwebele emntwaneni wakho kudlala imisebenzi ebalulekile kusukela ekuthathweni kwamagciwane okuzivikela okulwa nama-bacterium kanye nama-virus ekuqaliseni amabhaktheriya enempilo emihle.
Kuyini isayensi ngemuva kokugaya ingane?
I-Anatomy ne-Physiology ye-Tract Digestive Tract
Ake siqale ngokubheka isisu sokugaya usana kusukela ngesikhathi ukudla kungena emlonyeni kuze kudlule phakathi kwe-diaper yengane yakho, nemisebenzi eyenzeka endleleni. Izitho zokufinyelela zibaluleke kakhulu ukugaya kahle futhi kuzoxoxwa ngezansi.
- Umlomo. Umlomo wakho womntwana udlala indima yokwamukela ukudla futhi uyindawo lapho kutholakala ukugaya ezinye izakhi. Ezinye izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zingase zibe nobunzima ngokulinda noma izinkinga ezihlobene nezimo ezinjengomlomo we-lip or cleft palate.
- I-Esophagus. Lesi sifo siyishubhu ehlanganisa umlomo nesisu futhi inemisebenzi emibili eyinhloko-ukusunduza ukudla noma uketshezi kusuka emlonyeni kuya esiswini futhi ukuyeka ukuqhuma, noma reflux, kokuqukethwe kwesisu.
- Isisu. Lesi sifo sinomthwalo wokugcina ukudla okugwinya, ukuhlanganisa nokwehlukanisa ukudla, nokulawula ukungena kwesisu ngaphakathi kwe-duodenum, ingxenye yokuqala yomathumbu amancane. Ukugaya kwenzeka ngezinyathelo ezintathu-i-cephalic (eqalwe yi-vagus nerve uma umuntu ebona futhi ephunga noma yikuphi ukudla), isisu (esibangelwa ukudla nokulawulwa yi-gastrin) kanye namathumbu emathunjini (okulawulwa ama-hormone akhishwe emathunjini amancane).
- Amathumbu amancane. Amathumbu amancane iyilungu elifana ne-tube elihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu-i-duodenum, jejunum ne-ileum. Kunomsebenzi omkhulu okwenzayo njengoba kuphethe ukugaya nokuxubha kwezakhi, amavithamini, izakhi zokulandelela, izikhukhula kanye nama-electrolyte. Ngokuyinhloko, ukudla okuyi-acidic okugayiwe kancane esiswini kusuke kuhlangene nezicathulo eziyisisekelo ezivela kuma-pancreas, izibindi zesibindi namathumbu. Ama-enzyme yokugaya ukudla avela kulawo mfihlo ayengamele inqubo yokugaya iningi emathunjini amancane-aphula amaprotheni obisi lwebele abese e-amino acids; Ubisi lwe-carbohydrate ebusweni ku-glucose nezinye i-monosaccharides; futhi amafutha obisi lwebele abengama- glycerol nama-fatty acids. Udonga lwamathumbu kumele lube namandla kakhulu ukusingatha umsebenzi okwenzayo. Amandla ayo avela ukuthi unezinhlaka ezine ezihlukene-i-serosa, i-muscularis, i-submucosa ne-muscosa. Ubuso bomathumbu buyanda kakhulu ngokutholakala kwe-villi kanye ne-microvilli lapho imikhiqizo yokugcina yokugaya ingena khona.
- Amathumbu amakhulu noma ikholoni. I-colon ijika phezulu kusukela ekupheleni komathumbu omncane, ngaphesheya kwesisu bese phansi ukuya emgqeni. Ngokuyinhloko kubhekene nokukhipha kwamanzi kanye ne-electrolytes.
- Isilinganiso. "I-sphincter ye-O'Beirne" ilawula ukugeleza kwemfucuza kusuka emgqonyeni we-sigmoid ibe yi-rectum, okuyinto indawo yokugcina imithwalo yemfucuza yokugaya. Ama-sphincters angaphakathi angaphakathi angaphandle alawula ukugeleza kwezindaba ze-fecal kusuka emgqeni.
Amagceke okufinyeleleka we-Tract Digestive Tract
Ngaphandle kokuzigcoba ngokwayo, kunezitho eziningana zokufinyelela ezibalulekile ekugayeni kokudla. Lokhu kufaka:
- Izithobezi zensimbi. Izithobezi zomlomo emlonyeni zikhiqiza ama-enzyme amancane. I-submandibular, izilinganiso ezingezansi kanye ne-parotid ziveza umquba oqukethe i-amylase, i-enzyme enesibopho sokuqala ukugaya ama-carbohydrate.
- Isibindi . Isibindi empeleni isitho esikhulu kunomzimba. Iphethe amaprotheni ne-carbohydrate metabolism kanye nokugcinwa kwe-glycogen namavithamini. Kubuye kusize ekubunjweni, ekugcinweni nasekuqothulweni kwe-bile futhi kudla indima ekudonseni kwe-fatabolism. Isibindi lapho ukuthunjwa kuthathwa khona futhi ngezinye izikhathi kugcinwa ukuvikela umzimba wonke.
- I-Gallbladder. I-gallbladder yisigxobo esincane esiphezulu kwesibindi. Ibhilidi (equkethe ama-salts okubalulekile ekugayeni kanye nokwamukelwa kwamafutha) kusuka esibindi aqoqwa lapha. I "sphincter ka-Oddi" ilawula ukugeleza kwe-bile ibe yi-duodenum. Ngokufana nesibindi, izinsiza ze-gallbladder ekubunjweni, ukugcinwa nokuqedwa kwe-bile futhi kudlala indima ekugayeni kwamafutha.
- I-Pancreas. Ama-pancreas akhiqiza izikhalazo ezi-alkaline (noma ezingathathi hlangothi) ezibandakanya ekunciphiseni ukudla okwenziwe ngamakhemikhali acidic (okubizwa ngokuthi i-chyme) esiswini. Lezi zimfihlo zigcina ama-enzyme abalulekile ekumuneni kwamafutha, amaprotheni, nama-carbohydrate. Ngenkathi lezi zinyosi zokugaya zenziwa ku-pancreas "ye-exocrine", abantu abaningi bajwayele i-hormone insulin eyenziwa "ezigulini ze-endocrine" ze-pancreas.
Ubisi lwebele luqukethe ama-enzyme okusiza ekugayeni, njenge-amylase, lipase, ne-protease. Lokhu kubalulekile ezinganeni njengama-enzyme yokugaya azikho emazingeni atholakele kubantu abadala kuze kube yilapho abantwana befinyelela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.
Konke, izingxenye zesistimu yokugaya umzimba ziyasebenza ndawonye ukuze zidle ukudla, ziyihambise phambili ohlelweni lwe-GI, ziyiqede futhi zithathele izakhi, bese ziqeda izinto ezidlulayo njenge-waste.
Umehluko Phakathi Kwesimiso Sezinsizi Nezingane Ezinsana
Kunezici eziningana zesimo somzimba kanye nokusebenza phakathi kwendlela yokugaya izingane nezinsana.
- Ukuhlukana kwekhanda nentamo. Ngosana, ulimi lukhulu ngokuphathelene nesigxobo somlomo kanye namapayipi amaningi engeziwe asekhona ezinhlangothini zolimi olusiza ekunceleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-larynx, noma ibhokisi lezwi, liphakeme ezinganeni kunabantu abadala futhi i-epiglottis ilele phezu kwe-palate elithambile ukuze inikeze ukuvikelwa okungaphezulu kwe-airway.
- Ukungezwani kokulingana. Emntwaneni osanda kuzalwa, i-esophagus ingaba ngu-4 1/2 amasentimitha ubude (kuqhathaniswa no-9 1/2 amasentimitha ubude kubantu abadala) futhi i-sphincter engaphansi ephansi iwu-1/2 intshi ububanzi. Ngokuvamile lapho kuzalwa, ithoni elincanyana yokuncelisa idluliselwa kulesi sifo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi le sphincter ivulekile. Ukukhubazeka okulinganiselwe okungavamile kuhlanganisa i-atresias (isimo lapho i-hoop isivaliwe ngokuphelele) ne-fistula (isimo lapho kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwesigcawu nesinye isici, njenge-trachea).
- Ukuhlukana kwesisu. Isisu esisanda kuzalwa singabamba kuphela phakathi kwe-1/4 ne-1/2 indebe yetshezi (okubhekiselwe kuzo izinkomishi ezingu-14 kubantu abadala!) Umsebenzi wokugaya isisu kuyafana kokubili abantwana nabantu abadala. Izigonda zesisu ezisesiswini zihlanganisa amangqamuzana e-parietal, okwenza i-hydrochloric acid nesici sangaphakathi. Amangqamuzana amancane kulezi zinhlayiya ahlanganisa i-pepsinogen, eguqulwa ibe yi-pepsin, ephula amaprotheni emanzini esithombeni. Ngokumangazayo, imisindo yemilenze isivele ikhona ihora elilodwa ngemuva kokuzalwa futhi amaseli e-parietal aqala ukusebenza ngokuqondile ngemva kokuzalwa. I-gastric pH ingaphansi kuka-4 ezinsukwini zokuqala ezingu-7 ukuya kwezingu-10 zokuphila.
- Amathumbu amancane. Kukhona umehluko wezinto ezisemathunjini emathunjini amancane. Ngosana lilinganisa phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-100 kuya kwangu-120 ubude nangomuntu omdala, kusuka kumamitha angu-240 kuya ku-315.
- Amathumbu amakhulu. I-colon yintsana ayinyumba ekuqaleni. Kodwa kungakapheli amahora ambalwa u-E. Coli, i-Clostridium, ne-Streptococcus isungulwa. Ukuqoqwa kwamagciwane emapheshana we-GI kubalulekile ekugayeni nasekubunjweni kweVithamini K, i-vithamini ebalulekile ekunqandeni kwegazi. Njengoba kuthatha isikhashana ukuthi lokhu kukhishwe ngemuva kokubeletha, izinsana zivame ukunikezwa i-vitamin K ngesikhathi sokulethwa.
- Ukususwa. Izitshalo zokuqala ezidlula zibizwa ngokuthi i-meconium. I-Meconium inkulu, i-sticky ne-tarlike. Kungumbala omnyama noma obomvu okwakhiwa umcucu, i-vernix (i-white cheesy substance ekhona esikhumba somntwana), i-yakogo (izinwele ezinhle ezikhona esikhumbeni somntwana, ikakhulukazi kuma-premies), ama-hormone, nama-carbohydrate. Kuyadingeka kakhulu ukuthi umntwana osanda kuzalwa udlula isiteleka engakapheli amahora angu-24 okuzalwa.
Ama-bacterial Gut Guthaka
Eminyakeni yamuva sifunda kabanzi mayelana nokugwinya amabhaktheriya nokubaluleka kwazo kukho konke kusuka empilweni yangokomzimba kuya empilweni yomzwelo. Ukubeletha kuvame ukuholela ekolonisini yekoloni ngokulinganisela okulungile kwamabhaktheriya enempilo. Esikhundleni sokuba umsebenzi oshiywa yi-enzyme yodwa endleleni yokugaya ukudla, sifunda ukuthi ama-bacteria ahlanzekile emzimbeni abaluleke kakhulu ekugayeleni kokudla okufanelekile nokubambelela okunamandla kwezakhi ezidingekayo ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni. Njengoba sifunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi ukuxhunywa kwe-microbiome ekuswini lokubeletha nokuncelisa, kungenzeka ukuthi izincomo zamanje zokuncelisa zizoqina nakakhulu.
Izwi elivela ku-Verywell kwi-Digest Digestion
Ipheshana lokugaya ingane lihlukile kubantu abadala ngezindlela eziningana futhi inqubo ehilela izitho eziningi ezahlukene nezinyathelo eziningi. Ngokuhlinzeka nge-enzyme yokugaya, ukusetha ama-bacterium enempilo, ubisi lwebele lungasusa ingane yakho ekuqaleni.
> Imithombo:
> Kliegman, uRobert M., uBonita Stanton, uSt Geme III uJoseph W., uNine Felice. Schor, uRichard E. Behrman, noWaldo E. Nelson. UNelson Bookbook of Pediatrics. I-20th Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2015. Phrinta.
> Pannarai, P., Li, F., Cerini, C. et al. Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kwebisi Ubisi Bomtholampilo Emphakathini kanye Ukusungulwa Nokuthuthukiswa Gut Infant Microbiome. I-JAMA Pediatrics . 2017. 171 (7): 647-654.