Iviki lakho lezingane 12

by UVincent Iannelli, MD, udokotela oqinisekiswe yibhodi

Ukubuka ukukhula nentuthuko yengane yakho kungaba mnandi futhi kujabulise.

Ngeshwa, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala zomntanakho, ngaphandle kokumomotheka nokuhleka, akuzange kube khona izinyathelo eziningi zokuthuthukiswa ukuze zijabule kakhulu.

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Iviki elitjhumi nambili: Amandla amakhulu weNtuthuko weNewakho

I-Getty Images / u-Adam Hester

Iningi liqala ukwenzeka cishe amasonto ayishumi nambili, noma kunjalo. Ngaphezu kwezinyathelo ezibalulekile ezinyangeni ezimbili , umntwana wakho angase aqale:

ubambe ikhanda lakhe ngezinga elingama-90 degree
hlala ngokusekela bese ubamba ikhanda lakhe liqinile
ukuthwala isisindo emilenzeni yakhe
phenduka
uphakamise isifuba sakhe lapho esesiswini sakhe bese esekela ezandleni zakhe
shintsha imisindo bese ulingisa imisindo yokukhuluma
ubamba izandla bese uqonda ukuxuba
landela izinto nge-angi-180 degree

Ukuze usize ingane yakho ihlangabezane nalezi zici ezibalulekile, kungaba umqondo omuhle ukusebenzisa isikhathi semithi nsuku zonke futhi ukhulume nodokotela wezingane uma unomuzwa wokuthi ingane yakho inokuphuza ukuthuthukiswa .

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Izidakamizwa nokuncelisa

I-Getty Images / i-CaiaImage

Omama abaningi bancelisa namuhla kunanini ngaphambili, kodwa ngeshwa, amanani okuncelisa asebephansi kwamaphuzu ababekwe wona ochwepheshe.

I-CDC's Healthy People 2010, eyisethi yemigomo yezempilo kazwelonke, ihlanganisa amatshe okuncelisa. Bangama-50% omama abazobeletha ezinyangeni ezingu-6 futhi okungenani ama-25% azobe esalusisa ezinyangeni ezingu-12.

Ngenkathi kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi umama ayeke ukuhlengikaza ngaphambi kokuba ahlangabezane nalezi zinhloso, kubandakanya nezinkinga zokuthola ingane yakhe iguqulwe, becabanga ukuthi akenzi ubisi ngokwanele, noma abuyele emsebenzini, njengoba kunqunywe ukuthi imithi emisha akufanele ngokuvamile ube omunye wabo. Ngokucwaninga okuncane, wena nodokotela wakho ungathola imithi ehambisana nokuncelisa.

Khumbula ukuthi i-American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ithi "izidakamizwa eziningi ezingase zibekwe kumama onesihlengikazi kufanele zingabi nethonya ekunikezeni ubisi noma empilweni yentsha." I-AAP ibhalela ngisho nohlu olude lwemithi evame ukuhambisana nokuncelisa futhi uhlu olufushane kakhulu lwemithi okumele uyigweme.

I-Drug kanye neLactation Database (LactMed)

Izincomo ze-AAP, futhi cishe konke okunye okuyaziwa ngezidakamizwa nokuncelisa, kufakwe kwiDiski yeDrugs neLactation Database. Ngaphezu kokucubungula okulula mayelana nemithi ejwayelekile nokuncelisa, i-LactMed inikeza ulwazi ngemiphumela yezidakamizwa emntwaneni, imiphumela ebonakalayo ekukhiqizeni kwebele , isigaba se-AAP, neminye imithi okufanele icatshangelwe.

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Izingane ezinama-crossed Eyes

I-Getty Images / albert mollon

Uma ilanga lomntwana wakho elidala liphuma ngaphandle (i-exotropia) noma langaphakathi (isotropia), ngokuvamile lisho ukuthi une-strabismus, noma amehlo angahambisani kahle. Lokhu kuvame ukudinga ukwelashwa nge-eye patching, izibuko, kanye nokuhlinzwa ngezikhathi ezithile.

Ngenhlanhla, ngokuvamile kuvamile ukuba amehlo akho asezinsweni ngezinye izikhathi avele ngaphandle. Eqinisweni, ezinyangeni zabo ezimbalwa zokuqala, izinsana azigxila kahle, ezingabangela ukuba ngezinye izikhathi amehlo abo awele.

Nokho, ngezinyanga ezintathu noma ezine, amehlo omntanakho kufanele akwazi ukugxila ezintweni ngokubheka ngqo ngamehlo womabili. Uma amehlo omntanakho ebonakala sengathi awela uma enesinezinyanga ezintathu ubudala, kufanele ahlolwe yi-ophthalmologist yezingane ukuze abone ukuthi une-strabismus.

Ngisho nangaphambi kwezinyanga ezintathu noma ezine, uma amehlo omntanakho ebonakala ewela, ngakho-ke kuwumqondo omuhle ukuba amehlo akhe ahlolwe.

Kungani iso liwela inkinga?

Uma amehlo omntwana engahambisani, kungenzeka ukuthi angaboni kahle komunye wabo. Lokho kungaholela ku- amblyopia , okunciphisa umbono kumunye wengane yengane yakho.

Strabismus kanye nodokotela wezingane

Ngaphandle kokuhlolwe yi-ophthalmologist yezingane, kufanele uxoxisane nanoma yikuphi ukukhathazeka nge-strabismus nodokotela wezingane zakho. Kunezivivinyo ezimbalwa ezilula, kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwekhava nokuhlolwa kwe-corneal light reflex, okungase kubone ukuthi i-strabismus, ukuthi ingane yakho ingazama. Esivivinyweni sekhava, udokotela wakho wezingane uhlanganisa iso elilodwa ukuze abone ukuthi omunye uhamba yini, okuyisibonakaliso se-strabismus. Ukukhanya kwepeni kusetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwe-reflex ukukhanya ukukhanya ukubona ukuthi ukukhanya okukhanyayo kusesimweni esifanayo kokubili amehlo lapho ukukhanya kuboniswa kubo. Uma kungenjalo, khona-ke lokho kungaba uphawu lwe-strabismus.

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Baby Talk

I-Getty Images / Ariel Skelley

Ingane yakho eneminyaka emithathu ubudala ngeke ikhulume okuningi okwamanje. Ngokuqinisekile, uzothola ama-squeals, ukuhleka, nokunye umsindo, kodwa akukho ama-syllables wangempela okwamanje. Inkulumo yabantwana ngalesi sikhathi inokuningi okuphathelene nokuthi ukhuluma kanjani nomntanakho hhayi kangako nokuthi ingane yakho ikukhuluma kanjani nawe.

Ukukhuluma Nengane Yakho

Ingabe udinga ngempela ukufunda indlela yokukhuluma nengane yakho?

Abanye abazali benza, ikakhulukazi uma bengakhulumi ngempela nengane yabo. Ingane yakho ingase ingazi ukuthi uthini okwamanje, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi ngeke azuze ekuzwa ukukhuluma kwakho. Khumbula ukuthi i-AAP itusa ukuba abazali bakhulume, bahlabelele futhi bafundele izingane zabo, kunokubavumela ukuba babukele i-TV.

Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi ungathini, ungaqala ngokulandisa lokho okwenzayo nganoma isiphi isikhathi, njengalapho ushintsha umdwebo womntwana wakho , uthola ukuthi ugqoke, noma umnike ibhuku lokugeza.

Ungafunda futhi amabhuku, uhlabelele izingoma, noma wenze ingane ikhale "ukukhuluma" nengane yakho.

Kungase kukusize wena nengane yakho ufunde inkulumo yomntwana uma:

silingisa eminye imisindo bese umemeza ingane yakho yenza
khuluma ngezinto izinto ingane yakho ebhekayo noma ubonakala unentshisekelo kuyo
ujabule lapho ingane yakho yenza umsindo futhi uzama ukukhuluma noma ukuphendula lokho okushoyo

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Ukuya e-Nursery

I-Getty Images / uThomas Barwick

Njengoba kulindeleke ukuba bavuke izikhathi eziningana ngobusuku, izinsana nezinsana ezincane zivame ukulala egumbini elifanayo nonina. Ukusondelana nomama nobaba ngokuvamile kusiza ukwenza ukudla okubusuku kube lula, ngakho wonke umuntu angabuya ngokushesha ukulala.

Lesi seluleko sasiqinisekiswa e-American Academy of Pediatrics, lapho bethi abantwana kufanele balele esitokisini, e-bassinet, noma emkhunjini ohlukile, kodwa eduze, embhedeni kamama wabo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi "ingozi ye-SIDS iboniswe ukuthi iyancishiswa lapho usana lulele egumbini elifanayo njengalowo unina."

Kodwa ingabe lokho kusho ukuthi ingane yakho kufanele ilele egumbini elilodwa nawe ngonyaka wakhe wokuqala?

Mhlawumbe hhayi, ikakhulu uma ucabanga ukuthi ingozi enkulu yengane yakho ye-SIDS ingakafiki ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kwezine ubudala. Ngakho-ke ezinyangeni ezinhlanu kuya kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, uma ingane yakho ilele ubusuku, ungase uyithuthelele ekamelweni lakhe (uma unekamelo elihlukile ukuba lilale kulo).

Ngisho ne-AAP, encwadini, ithi uma ingane yakho "isalala ekamelweni lakho ngezinyanga eziyisithupha, sekuyisikhathi sokuyikhipha." Lokhu kubhekisela kumntwana ongalali kahle egumbini likamama wakhe, kodwa, ngombono wokuthi ingane ingase ivuke njalo ngoba uzwa noma uzwa abazali bayo ekamelweni. Khumbula ukuthi uma ingane yakho ilele kahle ekamelweni lakho, akudingeki ukuba umkhiphe ngaphandle uma ungafuni.

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Isixwayiso Sokuhlushwa Kwezingane

I-Getty Images / Westend61

Abazali abaningi bacabanga ukuthi i-pertussis, noma ukukhwehlela, iyisifo esidlule, njengamanye amagciwane amaningi okuvimbela ukugoma .

Ngeshwa, ngokungafani ne-polio ekhona nesimungumungwane, eziye zaqedwa e-United States, izingane zingakwazi ukuthola ukukhwehlela okukhwehlela.

Izinhlekelele ezibhekene nezinhlamvu

Kungani izingane zisengozini yokuthola ukukhwehlela?

Esinye isizathu esikhulu ukuthi noma ngabe bathola umuthi wokuphefumula we- diphtheria, i-tetanus, ne-acellular pertussis ( DTaP ), akuze bazuze umthamo wesi-3 uma beneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala ukuthi bavikelwe ukukhwehlela njengezinsana. Izingane ezindala zithola ukuvikelwa kwazo ezinyangeni eziyizinyanga ezingu-15 kuya kwezingu-18, eminyakeni engama-4 kuya kwengu-6, futhi eminyakeni engu-11 kuya kweyishumi nambili (umgomo wokugoma i- Tdap ).

Abantwana abaningi abadala kanye nabantu abadala abakwazi ukubhekana ne-pertussis nakuba kunjalo, ngoba umgomo wokugoma we-Tdap ukhululekile, futhi ukuzivikela komzimba ku-pertussis kuphelile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abanye abasha kanye nabantu abadala bangaba ne-pertussis, ikakhulu uma bekhwehlela isikhathi eside amasonto noma izinyanga. Eqinisweni, amacala e-pertussis asekhulile eminyakeni yamuva, kanti ingane yakho ingathola ukukhwehlela ukukhwehlela uma ngabe ikhona nomuntu onalesi sifo.

Lapho abazali becabanga ngokukhwabanisa izimpawu zokukhwehlela, bavame ukucabanga ngomntwana ophethe ukukhwehlela okulandelwa 'umsindo wokukhukhumeza'. Nakuba lokho kuyisici noma umsindo we-classic wokuthi izingane ezinomkhuhlane okhwehlelayo, khumbula ukuthi akuzona zonke izingane ezizozenza lezo zomsindo. Esikhundleni salokho, ezinye izingane zivele zikhwehlela, ezinye zikhwehlela baze zihlanza (i-post-tussive emesis), kanti abanye banomkhuhlane ongapheli. Futhi izingane eziningi ezinomkhuhlane okhwehlelayo ziqala ngezimpawu ezibandayo ezibandayo.

Ukukhwehlela okukhwehlelayo kungaba okungathí sina kwabantwana abasha kanye nezinsana ezisencane, okungenzeka zibe ne-apnea, noma izinkathi lapho ziyeka ukuphefumula.

Funa usizo lwezokwelashwa uma ucabanga ukuthi ingane yakho ingaba nokukhwehlela kokukhwehlela.

Isixwayiso Sobungozi

Njengoba izingane ezisanda kuzalwa nezinsana ezincane zisengozini yokukhwehlela ukukhwehlela futhi azivikelwe ngokugcwele ngemigomo yazo, kodwa kubalulekile ukubasiza ukuba bagweme ukukhwehlela.

Enye indlela enhle ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu abadala abazoxhumana nabantwana abangaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala, kubandakanya abazali, ugogo nomkhulu (ngisho noma beneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65 ubudala), abahlinzeki bokunakekela izingane, nabasebenzi bezempilo, thola i-Tdap umuthi wokugoma uma bengenayo eyodwa okwamanje, noma ngabe sekuyiminyaka engaphansi kweyishumi kusukela ekugcineni kwe-tetanus booster.

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Ukwelapha isifo sohudo

I-Getty Images / amalayini

Nakuba isifo sohudo sivame ukubangelwa ukutheleleka kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kubantwana abadala, njenge-rotavirus, izinsana kanye nezingane ezincane zingabuye zithole isifo sohudo kusuka ekungenakulinganisweni kwefomula noma emzimbeni. Ngisho nezinsana ezincelisayo kungenzeka zibe nesifo sohudo ekungabekezelelani kokudla , ngokuvamile kube yinto okuthiwa umama wabo adle noma aphuze adlula ubisi lwakhe.

Ukwelashwa Kwesifo sohudo

Njengoba isifo sohudo siyisifo esivamile, kuwumqondo omuhle ukuqonda ukwelashwa okunconyelwe izinsana ezinehudo, ukuze uzilungiselele uma ingane yakho igula. Uma ingane yakho inesifo sohudo kanye / noma ukuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile, lezi zikwelapha zizofaka phakathi:

ukuqhubeka nokondla noma ukondla ingane yakho
ukunikeza umntwana ama-ounces ambalwa wePedialyte eyengeziwe noma ezinye izixazululo ze-electrolyte noma nini lapho ehambisa isisu, ngaphezu kokudla kwakhe okuvamile kwesifuba noma ifomula
ugweme ukunikeza ingane yakho iziphuzo nge-ushukela amaningi owengeziwe, njengejusi
ukubuyisela ingane yakho ekudleni okufanelekile, okungavinjelwe (isifuba, i-formula, ukudla kwezingane, njll) ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka

Nakuba i-Pedialyte nezinye izixazululo ze-electrolyte zivame ukunconywa uma izingane zihudo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi empeleni abafaki isisu. Esikhundleni salokho, banikezwa ukuze ingane yakho ingapheli amandla.

Uma nje ukwazi ukondla ingane yakho i-Pedialyte isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora angu-12 noma uma ingane inezimpawu zokuphelelwa yisikhathi , kufanele ukhulume nodokotela wezingane.

Izinguquko Zesidlo Sehudo

Uma ucabanga ukuthi isifo sohudo somntanakho sisuka enkingeni yokudla hhayi ukutheleleka, ikakhulukazi uma engekho emasimini futhi akekho omunye ogulayo, khona-ke khuluma nodokotela wezingane ngalokho okufanele ukwenze ngokulandelayo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise nokuvimbela ubisi nemikhiqizo yobisi ekudleni komama wokuncelisa ingane noma ukushintsha ifomula yomntwana osondeza ifomula.

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Isaziso sempilo ye-TV yezingane

I-Getty Images / JGI / Jamie Grill

I-AAP icacile ekunconyweni kwabo ukuthi abazali kufanele "badambise ukubukwa kwethelevishini kubantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka emibili."

Lokhu kuyamangaza ukuthi kunamavidiyo amaningi kanye nesiteshi sangempela se-TV sabantwana. I-BabyFirstTV, etholakala kumanethiwekhi e-DirecTV ne-DISH, ithengiswa njenge "isiteshi sokuqala sesizwe sabantwana."

Iyini inkinga ngokubuka i-TV?

I-AAP ithi "nakuba kunezinzuzo ezingase zivele ngokubuka ezinye izinhlelo zethelevishini, njengokugqugquzela izici ezinhle zokuziphatha komphakathi (njengokuhlanganyela, imikhuba, nokubambisana), imiphumela eminingi yezempilo engalungile nayo ingabangela," kufaka ukukhuphuka ku:

ukuziphatha okubi nobudlova
ukusebenza kahle esikolweni
ukukhetha okuncane kokudla nokukhuluphala kwengane

Ucwaningo lubonise ngokuqondile ukubambezeleka kokuthuthukiswa kolimi kwabantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-2 ababukela ama-TV namavidiyo womntwana.

Ayikho i-TV - Ngempela?

Abazali abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kokubuka i-TV kwezingane ezincane kuyinto encane kakhulu. Ababoni ukulimala ngezikhathi ezithile ukuvumela ingane yabo ibuke umbukiso wezemfundo noma amabili, ikakhulukazi lapho bezama ukwenza into ethile, njengokungeza noma ukulungiselela isidlo sakusihlwa.

Isikhathi esithile esingenasiviolent, semfundo yezemfundo ngokuvamile akuyona inkinga. Kungaphezulu labo abasebenzisa i-TV njengomntwana noma abavumela izingane zabo ukuba zibukele imibukiso engafanele.

Khumbula ukuthi ingane yakho izokhula kahle uma ingaboni noma yikuphi i-TV nakuba njenge-AAP itusa, unikeza " imisebenzi engaphezulu eyokwenza ngcono ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho, njengokukhuluma, ukudlala, ukucula nokufunda ndawonye . "

_Imithombo:

I-American Academy of Pediatrics. Isitatimende senqubomgomo. Izingane, i-Adolescents, ne-Television. Izingane zokwelashwa 2001 107: 423-426.

> Isitatimende Somgomo Sase-American Academy of Pediatrics. I-Changing Concept ye-Infant Death Syndrome Yomntwana Okungazelelwe. I-PEDIATRICS Vol. 116 No. 5 Novemba 2005, iphe. 1245-1255.

> I-American Academy of Pediatrics. Isitatimende senqubomgomo. Ukudluliswa kwezidakamizwa kanye namanye amakhemikhali angena emanzini. I-PEDIATRICS Vol. 108 No. 3 September 2001, iphe. 776-789.

> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Abantu Abanempilo 2010. Impilo Yomama, Insana Nezingane. Ukuncelisa, ukuzalwa okusha, nezinhlelo zesevisi.

_{Okokuqala ungalimazi: kungani abazali nabahlengikazi belahlekelwa isikebhe kubantwana nakwabamaphephandaba?} _{I-Strasburger VC - J Izingane Zengane - 01-OCT-2007;} _{151 (4): 334-6.}