Iviki Lakho Lesana Lineshumi nanhlanu

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Isiqu Sokuthola

Abazali bavame ukuthola ukuthi izingane zabo zijabulela ukuzondla iminwe, isithupha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zizama ngisho nokubeka isandla sabo emlonyeni wazo ezinyangeni ezintathu.

Nakuba isisu esiphuza sinomkhuba omubi ohambisana nawo, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi abazali bakhathazeka ngokuthi umntwana wabo ngeke nje ayeke, kuyinto evamile futhi engokwemvelo ukuba izingane zenze.

Ngisho ne-American Academy of Dentistry Dentistry ithi ukuncelisa ngeminwe, izithupha neziqu, "kuyinto evamile kubantwana nezingane ezincane" nokuthi izingane eziningi zima phambi kwanoma yikuphi "ukulimala kwenziwa emazinyo noma emaseni abo."

Kungani izingane eziningi kangaka ziqala ukuncelisa izithupha zazo ezinyangeni ezimbili noma ezintathu? Kule minyaka yobudala ukuthi bangathola njalo iminwe yabo nesithupha. Babuye baphapheme isikhathi eside, bezinike amathuba amaningi okuncelisa izithupha zabo, ikakhulukazi uma kudingeka baduduze noma bezolile.

Ngakho ungakhathazeki ngesisindo somntanakho osusayo. Mhlawumbe uzokunikela ngenkathi eneminyaka eyisithupha noma eyisikhombisa ubudala. Uma kungenjalo, khona-ke angase ayeke kamuva, uma eneminyaka emibili kuya kwemibili ubudala. Umntanakho angase abe nezinkinga ezithile zamazinyo futhi angadinga usizo oluthi uma engavumi ngalesi sikhathi, noma kunjalo.

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Ukuqeqeshwa kwebhodlela labantwana

Abazali abaningi bajwayele iseluleko sendabuko ingane yabo cishe izobe isilungele ukuqeqeshwa ngamanzi lapho isikhathi esithile phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-18 kuya ku-3 ubudala.

Lokhu kuhambisana nesiqondiso se-American Academy of Pediatrics, esho ukuthi "phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-18 no-24, izingane zivame ukuqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokulungela, kodwa ezinye izingane zingase zingakalungi kuze kube yizinyanga ezingu-30 noma ngaphezulu."

Bangase bamangazwe umqondo wokuthi ungazama ukuqeqesha ingane yakho ngamanzi ngenkathi ineminyaka engu-2, 3, noma engu-4 ubudala ubudala. Eqinisweni, ochwepheshe ngokuqeqeshwa kwamanzi amancane bathi uma ucabangela le nqubo, ungase uqale ukuqala uma ungaqali ngesikhathi ingane yakho ineminyaka engu-6 ubudala.

Ukuqeqeshwa kwebhodlela labantwana

Ebizwa nangokuthi 'ukukhulumisana nokuqeda,' kubikwa ukuthi izingane ziqeqeshwa kanjani emasimini amaningi angewona aseNtshonalanga angazange athembele ekugcineni izingane zabo zibe nezinhlayiya .

Ngokuqeqeshwa okuncane kwamantombazane, uzama ukufunda nokulindela lapho ingane yakho izodinga ukuhambisa noma ukuhamba ukuhamba kwamathumba bese uyiyisa esihlalweni sezitsha, endlini yangasese, noma ngaphandle. Futhi uzama ukunikeza izibonakaliso zakho zamantombazane ukuthi angazihlanganisa nokuhamba ngamanzi.

Abacwaningi bokuqeqesha amantombazane ngokuvamile bathi akusiyo ngempela ingane eqeqeshiwe, kodwa kunomzali, ofunda izimpawu zomntanakhe bese emyisa emanzini. Kukhona okuncane ukugxeka noma kunjalo, uma nje unesineke futhi uzimisele ukuchitha isikhathi nomntanakho ukuthi kungathatha ukuqeqesha ukuqeqeshwa kwamantombazane.

Amabhuku mayelana Nokuqeqeshwa Kwama Potty:

Uma unesithakazelo ekuqeqeshweni kwamantombazane omncane, enye yalezi zizoba usizo oluhle ukukusiza ukuthi ufunde ukuthi yini okufanele uyenze:

• I-Baby Without Diaper Free
• I-Diaper Free
• Ama-Potty Basics
• I-Baby Bjorn Little Potty

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Ukuzwa Izivivinyo

Ingane yakho ingakuzwa yini?

Ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukukusho, njengoba izingane zivame ukuhlehlisa ukukhipha izingoma eziningi.

Ngezinyanga ezintathu, ingane yakho ingase iqale ukuphendukela eminye imisindo, noma kunjalo. Futhi kufanele aphendule okungenani imisindo ethile.

Izivivinyo Zokuzwa Ukuzalwa

Ngesikhathi abazali bevame ukuthembela ekutheni babone ukuthi ingane yabo ingabazwa kanjani, ngokwe-American Academy of Pediatrics, zonke izingane kufanele zivivinywe ngaphambi kokuba ziphume esibhedlela uma zizalwa.

Ingabe ingane yakho yayinevivinyo lokuzwa lapho izalwa?

Uyazi ukuthi udlule yini?

Ngaphezu kokuhlolisiswa kwezindlebe zomhlaba jikelele (ukuhlola zonke izingane ezisanda kuzalwa), i-AAP itusa ukuthi:

• abantwana abashaya isikrini sabo sokuzwa esibhedlela kufanele babuyiselwe emuva
• ezinyangeni ezintathu ubudala, "ukuhlolwa okufanelekile kwezokwelapha kanye nokwelapha" kwenziwa ngezinsana eziqhubeka nokuhluleka ukuhlolwa kwazo
• Izinsizakalo zokungenelela zakuqala kufanele ziqaliswe ngokushesha futhi zingakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala ezinsaneni ezinokulahlekelwa kwezindlebe

Uma ingane yakho ingenayo ukuhlolwa kwezindlebe uma izalwa noma ungaqiniseki ngemiphumela, manje kungaba yisikhathi esihle sokuxoxa ngalokhu nodokotela wezingane.

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Isaziso sezeMpilo - Ukuvimbela Ukudla Kokudla

Ngenyanga yesithathu yengane yabo, abazali abaningi baqala ukulangazelela isikhathi lapho bengase baqale ukondla umntanakho, izithelo, imifino kanye nokunye ukudla kwezingane .

Ingabe kufanele ugijime kangaka?

Ochwepheshe baye bakhuthaza ukubambezeleka kokusungulwa kokudla okuqinile kuze kube yizinsana ezincane okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha ezinethemba lokuvimbela ingane engozini kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni imithi yokudla. Babuye bancoma ukuthi izinsana nezinsana "zigweme amaqanda kuze kube yiminyaka emibili ubudala futhi zigweme amantongomane, amantongomane emithi, nezinhlanzi kuze kube yiminyaka engu-3 ubudala."

Lezo zeluleko zishintshile manje, noma kunjalo.

Ungakuvimbela Ukudla Kokudla?

Izincomo zangaphambilini zokubambezela ukunikeza izingane ukudla okubangelwa ukudla okweqile ziphelile ezingabasiza futhi empeleni zingavimbela izingane ekubeni zithuthukise izifo.

I-American Academy of Pediatrics, ngeziphakamiso zabo zakamuva, manje ithi izingane zingakwazi "ukuqala ukudla okudliwayo ngaphezu kobisi lwebele noma ifomula emva kwezinyanga ezine ubudala, okungcono ezinyangeni ezingu-6 ubudala."

Nakuba engekho imingcele kulokho okungasondla khona ingane yakho, ezinganeni ezisengozini enkulu yokukhula kokudla, izazi zisho ukuthi ukubeletha kuphela okungenani izinyanga ezingu-4 kungasiza ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthuthukisa i-eczema noma ubisi lwezinkabi, kodwa. Uma ingane ingabelisi isisu, ukondla ingane encane noma i-hydrolyzed formula cishe ingasiza.

Uyazi kanjani ukuthi ingane yakho isengozini enkulu yokuthuthukisa imithi yokudla ?

Izici zengozi zihlanganisa:

• enesinye isifo sokugula, njenge- hay fever , i-asthma, noma i-eczema
• kokuba nezinye izifo zokudla noma ifomula
• ukuba nelungu lomndeni, njengomzali noma umntakwethu, ngokudla okubangelwa yizinto zokudla noma i-hay fever, i-asthma, noma i-eczema

Ukuvimbela Ukuqeda Ukudla

Futhi, kunconywa ukuthi lezi zingane ezisengozini enkulu. ngoba imithi kufanele:

• uncelisa kuphela kuze kube yilapho enezinyanga ezingu-4 ubudala noma uma engalusisi, kufanele acabangele ukuphuza ifomula ye-hypoallergenic, njenge-Nutramigen noma i-Alimentum.
• qala ukudla okuqinile ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-4 kuya kwezi-6 ubudala
• ukulibazise ukudla okubangelwa ukungezwani komzimba okungenzeka ukuthi kubangele ukuvuthwa komzimba akusekelwe

Ochwepheshe abaningi basakhuthaza ukuthi umzali angenele ukudla okunomdlavuza ngokucophelela, noma kunjalo. Bethule kancane kancane, ngisho unikeze ingane yakho engozini kakhulu ukunambitheka kwakhe ekhaya lapho une-antihistamine ephathekayo uma kwenzeka enomphumela wokugula. Khona-ke ungakwazi kancane kancane unikeze ngokwengeziwe uma uqiniseka ukuthi ubekezelela ukudla kahle, ngaleyo ndlela angeke abe nokuthokoza kwakhe kokuqala kanye nokuphendula kokuqala kokunakekelwa kwesikhashana noma esikoleni.

Futhi ngenkathi kwakunconywa ukuthi ukubeletha omama wengane esengozini yokudla kokudla kungase kucabange ukuqeda ukudla okuthile okubangelwa yizilwane ezivela ekudleni kwakhe, kufaka phakathi amantongomane, amantongomane emithi, amaqanda, ubisi lwezinkomo, kanye nenhlanzi, okungaqanjwanga nokuthi okuwusizo ekuvimbeleni ukudla kokudla.

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Ukufelwa kwezingane ezincane kakhulu

Ukujuluka ngokweqile kungaba yinto evamile, kodwa kungase kube isibonakaliso sezimo ezithile zezokwelapha, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kwengane yakho kungaba yinto enhle.

Uma kubangelwa inkinga yezokwelapha, ngokuvamile ulindele ezinye izimpawu, noma kunjalo, njengenkinga yokudla, ukuphefumula okusheshayo, noma ukunyuka kwesisindo. Isibonelo, ukujuluka ngenkathi usondla kungaba uphawu lwe-congestive heart failure. Lezi zinsana zingakhulelwa ngenkathi zondla futhi zinezinga lokuphefumula okusheshayo, ukukhwehlela njalo, kanye nokuzuza okunciphisa umzimba. Ngakho uma ingane yakho inenkinga yenhliziyo, ungalindela ezinye izimpawu ngaphandle kokuthuthumela.

Ukuba ne-thyroid engasebenzi ngokweqile, noma i-hyperthyroidism, kungabangela nokujuluka ngokweqile, kodwa futhi, ungalindela ezinye zezinye izimpawu.

Khumbula ukuthi ukunqothula noma ukunqoba ingane yakho ngokweqile nokugcina ikhaya lakho lifudumele kungabangela ukujuluka ngokweqile. Njengoba ukhathazekile kuyisici esingozini ku-SIDS, kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi ingane yakho ayitholi amandla:

• ukugcina ikhaya lakho ekushiseni okukhululekile kumuntu omdala ongeke agqoke
• hhayi ukubopha ingane yakho ngaphezulu, kodwa kunalokho ugqoke ngendwangu eyodwa eyengeziwe kunokuba uzigqoke.

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Amathiphu Okunakekela Abantwana - Ukuhlanza Izinsana Nezinsana Zomntwana

Ngokuvamile abazali abakucabangi ngokuhlanzeka ngomlomo kuze kube yilapho ingane yabo ithola izinyo zokuqala.

Lokhu kungase kube sekwephuzile kakhulu, noma kunjalo.

Abanye ochwepheshe batusa ukuthi ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ingane yakho ithole izinyo zokuqala , kufanele usule izinsini zomntwana wakho nge-washcloth esithambile noma ibhulashi lezinyosi ezithambile namanzi nsuku zonke.

Lokhu kubaluleke nakakhulu uma umntwana enengcupheni yezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukuthuthuka, njengokuthi unomama onamapulangwe, ngoba amabhaktheriya enza izimbiza, iStreptococcus mutans , ivame ukudluliselwa kusuka kumama kuya kosana lwakhe esikhathini esithile eminyakeni yokuqala embili yengane yokuphila.

Ngaphezu kokuhlanzeka kwangaphambili komlomo, ungase ukwazi ukusiza ukunciphisa ingozi yengane yakho yokuthola iminyango kamuva uma:

• Ungabelani izinto, izinkomishi, noma amazinyo, ngoba lokho kungasiza ekusakazeni amabhaktheriya angabangela imithwalo emlonyeni wakho emlonyeni wengane yakho.
• Gwema ukunikeza ingane yakho isiphuzo esiningi kakhulu, futhi akukho juice yezithelo ngaphambi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, noma iziphuzo zeziqhamo.
• Nika amanzi akho amanzi ashisayo uma enezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala, ekhumbula ukuthi eziningi zamanzi amabhodlela azinayo i-fluoride.
• Ungavumeli ingane yakho ilele ibhodlela lefomula noma ihlengika njalo ebusuku uma inamazinyo.

Ngaphezu kokufunda ukunakekela izinsini namazinyo omntanakho, enye yezinto ezilula abazali abangayenza izingane zabo zizinakekela ukuhlanzeka komlomo wabo futhi zivakashele njalo odokotela wamazinyo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi amazinyo abo anempilo.

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Isaziso sezeMpilo - Izigameko zokuzikhethela kanye neminye imiSebenzi Yokugoma

Ochwepheshe bavame ukuchaza imishanguzo njengenye yentuthuko ephezulu kwezokwelapha kuwo wonke umlando. Eqinisweni, i-CDC ibika ukuthi "imishanguzo yehlise noma isuse izifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo eziye zabulala noma zilimaza izingane eziningi, izingane kanye nabantu abadala."

Abanye abazali bakhathazeka ngokuthi izingane ezincane kufanele zithole imishanguzo eminingi ngenkathi ineminyaka engu-4 kuya kweyisithupha ubudala, kodwa kubandakanya:

• 3 amanani weHep B
• Umuthi wokugoma we-Rotavirus (2 noma 3) (kuye ngokuthi umuthi wokugoma usetshenzisiwe)
• 5 amanani we-DTaP
• 3 noma 4 ama-Hib (kuye ngokuthi umuthi wokugoma usetshenzisiwe)
• Amanani angu-4 e-Prevnar
• 4 amanani we-IPV
• Amanani amabili we-MMR
• 2 amanani okugoma umuthi wokukhukhumeza inkukhu
• Ama-2 we-Hep A
• umuthi wokugoma wonyaka

Lokho kungangezelela imithi engaba ngu-36 ngesikhathi ingane yakho ineminyaka engu-4 kuya kweyisithupha ubudala. Ngenhlanhla, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamvu zokuhlanganisa ( Pediarix , Pentacel, Kinrix, ProQuad, ne-Comvax), ngomlomo (RotaTeq), kanye nemigomo yemisipha (i-FluMist) manje kusho ukuthi ingane yakho ingase ingakutholi impela isibhamu. Manje, ingane yakho ingase ithole imishanguzo engu-36, kodwa imisho engu-22 kuphela.

Imithi Yokuzikhethela Neminye Amashejuli

Ayikho yalezi zitofu okukhethwa kukho. Ngokusho kwe-CDC, uma abazali abaningi beqala ukuthola amanye amashejuli okugoma futhi banganiki izingane zabo noma zonke lezi mishanguzo, ngakho-ke eziningi zezifo ezivimbela ukugoma , okubandakanya imingane kanye ne-pertussis, "izokhuphuka kumazinga okugoma ngaphambilini."

Izingane ezingavunyelwe kanye nalabo abangaqashiwe ngokuphelele zibeka ingozi ezinganeni ezingakapheli uchungechunge lwabo lokuqala lokugoma kanye nezingane ezinezinkinga zokuzivikela komzimba.

Imishanguzo ibalulekile. Uma ukhathazekile ngemigomo yengane yakho noma udidekile nganoma yiziphi izimfundiso ezingalungile mayelana nemigomo ozifundile, qiniseka ukuthi ukhuluma nengane yakho.

Ukusebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinhlelo zokuvimbela umgomo wokuvikela umgomo wokuvikela umgomo, ongafani nomzali, okhethiwe, njengalabo abathonywe yiDkt. Bob Sears, uDkt. Jay Gordon, nabanye abaningi besifo sokugonywa kwabantwana abaphunywe imithi. shiya ingane yakho ingavimbelwe. Eqinisweni, uSandra, G. Hassink, MD, FAAP, uMongameli we-AAP uthi "ukukhuthazwa kokuhlelwa isikhathi noma ukuchithwa kokunye kokugoma kwandisa izingozi kuzo zonke izingane."

_Imithombo:

> Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP. I-Changing Concept ye-Infant Death Syndrome Yomntwana Okungazelelwe Kwenzeka: Ukushintshwa Kwezinkomba Zokuxilonga, Izingxabano Ngokuphathelene Nendawo Yokulala, Nezinguquko Ezintsha Okumele Zicabangele Ekunciphiseni Ingozi. I-PEDIATRICS Vol. 116 No. 5 Novemba 2005, iphe. 1245-1255.

> Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP. Unyaka ka-2007 Isitatimende sesikhundla: Izimiso nezinkombandlela zokuThola ukuThola nokuKwaziswa okuPhezulu. I-Pediatrics 2007 120: 898-921.

> Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP. Ukuhlolwa Kwempilo Yomlomo Wezinyosi Isikhathi Nokusungulwa Kwekhaya Lamazinyo. Izingane zokwelashwa 2003 111: 1113-1116.

> I-American Academy yezokwelapha kwamazinyo. Izincwajana zemfundo yabazali. Izindwangu, Izenzo Zeminwe Ne-Pacifier.

> I-American Academy yezokwelapha kwamazinyo. Umhlahlandlela Wokunakekelwa Kwezempilo Kwezingane Zomntwana. Kubuyekezwe ngo-2004.

> I-American Academy of Pediatrics. I-Toilet Training.CDC. Isikhungo sikazwelonke sokugonywa nezifo zokuphefumula. Yini Okuyokwenzeka Uma Siyeka Ukugonywa? .

> Dee, Deborah. Imithombo ye-Supplemental Iron Phakathi Kwezinsana Ezibelethwe Ngomnyaka Ngonyaka Wokuqala Wokuphila. Izingane zokubeletha ngo-Okthoba 2008; 122: Yengeza 2 S98-S104.

> Greer, uFrank MD. Imiphumela Yezingenelelo Zokuqala Zokudla okunomsoco ekuthuthukiseni izifo ezithathelwanayo ezinsaneni nasezingane: Indima Yokunciphisa Ukudla Kwabesifazane, Ukuncelisa Ukubeletha, Isikhathi sokusungulwa kokudla okuhambisanayo, kanye namafomula ahanjisiwe. I-Pediatrics 2008; 121; 183.

_{UPawulu A. Ukunikezwa, MD - Inkinga Ngesimiso sikaDkt. Bob's Alternative Vaccine Schedule. I-PEDIATRICS Vol. 123 No. 1 Januwari 2009, iphe. E164-e169.}