Izincomo zakamuva ze-AAP

Kusuka ezihlalweni zemoto ukuya emithonjeni, i-American Academy of Pediatrics ishicilela njalo imihlahlandlela kanye nezeluleko zokusiza abazali ukuba bagcine izingane zabo ziphephile futhi ziphilile.

Eqinisweni, kungenzeka ukuthi isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP cishe cishe yonke inkinga enkulu yezingane.

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I-American Academy ye-Pediatrics Yamuva

Ingabe i-AAP inombono mayelana nokuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa ezikoleni? Kunjalo. Ngenkathi i-AAP iwukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nezinhlelo zokungenela, ziphikisa "ukuqhutshelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ngokubanzi njengendlela yokufeza imigomo yokungena kwezidakamizwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kobufakazi bokusebenza kwayo." (Izinqubomgomo zokuhlola izidakamizwa ezinganeni ezitholakala ezikoleni)

Kukhona nezitatimende zenqubomgomo ezithinta ukuvimbela ukukhulelwa kwabasha, izikhathi zokuqala zesikole, kanye nokulimala kwe-cheerleading.

Ukuqaphela izitatimende zamuva zenqubomgomo kanye nemihlahlandlela evela ku-AAP kungakusiza wenze izinqumo ezingcono kunazo zonke izingane zakho.

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Imishanguzo nokulandela iShedithini Yokugoma

Amagciwane abe yingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wezingane zokwelashwa. Lokhu akumangalisi, njengoba izifo eziningi ezivimbela ukugoma , ezifana nesibhukela, isishubhu, isifo se-polio, ne-diphtheria, njll, kwakuyizifo ezivamile ezisengozini zokuphila ezinganeni.

Ngaphandle kokushicilela isimiso sokugoma ngonyaka kanye neKomidi Elilulekayo Emisebenzini Yokugonywa, i-American Academy of Family Physicians, ne-American College of Obstetricians kanye Nezinkinga Zokuthiwa Gynecologists, uMongameli we-American Academy of Pediatrics, uSandra, G. Hassink, MD, FAAP uncoma ukuthi:

• zonke izingane "zilandela uhlelo lokugoma oluphakanyisiwe"
• wonke amalungu e-AAP "alandela isimiso sokugoma esivunyelwe futhi asize ekufundiseni imindeni ngokuphepha nokusebenza kwemigomo yezingane"

UDkt. Hassink uphinde wathi "ukugqugquzelwa kokuhlelwa isikhathi noma okunye ukuhlela ukugoma kwandisa izingozi kuzo zonke izingane." Lezi yizinhlobo zezinhlelo zokuvimbela ukuvikelwa okungeyona ejwayelekile, ezikhethwe ngumzali, ezibambezelekile zokuvikelwa eziphethwe yiDkt. Bob Sears, uDkt. Jay Gordon, kanye nabanye abaningi bezingane zokugoma.

Ingabe uyavuma ukuthi uhlelo lokugoma olungelona olujwayelekile lwandisa ingozi ekhombisa ukushintsha kwesimo se-AAP?

Embikweni we-2005, "Ukuphendula Ukunciphisa Ukuvimbela Abazali Ukugonywa Kwezingane," i-AAP yakhuthaza ukuthi izingane zizama "ukugwema ukukhipha iziguli emisebenzini yabo kuphela ngenxa yokuthi umzali wenqabe ukugoma ingane yakhe." Uhlelo lwe-AAP lwabahlengikazi kanye nabazali abanomdla wokugoma ababelokhu "njengenhlonipho, ukukhulumisana, nokwaziswa okwakhiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ebuhlotsheni lobuchwepheshe, abazali bangase bazimisele ukucubungula ukulahla kokugoma kwangaphambilini."

Le nqubo yayingakaze yabantwana bezingane ukuba baxolise ukwesaba komzali ngemigomo noma ngisho nokuba negalelo kubo. Kwakungakaze kuvulele obala nganoma yini enye ngaphandle kwesimiso sokugoma esinconywayo. Odokotela bezingane ababa 'ukugoma-friendly' noma izifo-friendly, abakhuthaza abazali ukweqa noma ukubambezeleka imithi ukuthi babe nokukhathazeka mayelana, baye basiza ukuphazamiseka kwethu zamanje izifo ezivimbela ukugoma.

Esikhundleni sokwenza amashejuli abo okugoma noma ukudubula iziguli, izingane kufanele zilungele ukuphendula zonke izinkolelo ezingamanga kanye nokungaqondisi kahle kwe- anti-vaccine yamanje .

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Iziqondiso Zokubeletha

Kusukela ngo-1997, isitatimende somthetho esisemthethweni se-AAP sathi:

• Ubisi lomuntu yisidlo esithandwa kakhulu kuzo zonke izinsana, kuhlanganise nezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa futhi ezigulayo, ngaphandle kokungavamile.
• Ukuncelisa i-exclusive kuyinto enomsoco futhi kunele ukusekela ukukhula okuthuthukile nokuthuthukiswa cishe kwezinyanga eziyisithupha zokuqala emva kokuzalwa.
• Kunconywa ukuthi ukubeletha kuqhubeke okungenani izinyanga ezingu-12, futhi emva kwalokho uma nje uthanda.

Isitatimende senqubomgomo yakamuva, "Ukuncelisa nokusetshenziswa kweMil Milk," eyanyatheliswa ngo-2012, igcizelela umqondo wokuthi "Njengoba kunikezwe izinzuzo ezincane zokwelapha nezesikhathi eside zokuncelisa, ukondla kwezingane kufanele kubhekwe njengenkinga yempilo yomphakathi futhi hhayi nje indlela yokuphila yokuphila. "

Phela, "ukuncelisa futhi ubisi lomuntu yizona izindinganiso ezijwayelekile zokusondeza usana nokudla."

Ukweseka ukubeletha okuphumelelayo nokwandisa amazinga okuncelisa, i-AAP iphinde ivume i-WHO / UNICEF Izinyathelo Eziyishumi Zokuphumelela Ukubeletha futhi iphinde iphakamise:

• ukondla okukhethekile okungenani izinyanga ezingu-6
• ukusiza omama abasha ukuba bancelise ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeletha
• ukunikeza izithako ezingadingekile emzimbeni ngesikhathi esanda kuzalwa
• ukuhlolwa okuhlelekile kwekhono lokuncelisa ukwelashwa ngamunye ukuguqulwa kwesibhedlela ngenkathi esibhedlela ngemuva kokuba umntwana ezalwe ukuba abhale phansi isikhundla esihle kanye nesilondolozi, njll.
• ukugwema ukusebenzisana kuze kube yilapho izingane zingamasonto amathathu kuya kwangu-4 ubudala futhi zizala kahle
• ukuthi izingane kufanele zilale eduze koomama

Umbiko wezokwelapha we-AAP othi "Ukuxilonga Nokuvimbela Ukuntuleka Kwensimbi kanye ne-Iron-Deficiency Anemia Emantwaneni Nezingane Ezincane" kusikisela ukuthi izingane ezibelethwe ngamabele kuphela zizofakwa nge-iron ngomlomo baze baqale ukudla ukudla okunezinsimbi ezineminyaka engama-4 ukuya ku-6 izinyanga ubudala.

I-Vitamin D iphinde inconyelwe kuphela izingane ezisencelisayo.

Khumbula ukuthi izinsana ezisondeza izingane ziphinde zenziwe nge-vitamin D ne-iron - yengezwe kwifomula yazo, ngaphezu kwezinye izinto eziningi ezifakwe ubisi lwebele.

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Ukuhlolwa kwe-Autism

Isitatimende Somgomo We-AAP ka-2007 "Ukubona nokuhlola kwezingane ezine-Autism Spectrum Disorders," kusho ukuthi "kubalulekile ukuthi izingane zithole izibonakaliso nezimpawu ze-autism spectrum disorders futhi zibe necebo lokuzihlola ngokuhlelekile."

Ingxenye yalolu cwaningo kufanele lenze ukubhekwa futhi iqondise njalo i-autism spectrum disorder ithuluzi lokuhlola lokucwaninga kokubili ukuhlolwa kwengane enyangeni engu-18 no-24. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwenza "ukubhekwa kuzo zonke ukuvakashelwa kwengane," ngifuna " amafulege abomvu okuqala abonakalayo abonisa ukuthi kungenzeka i-ASD."

Uma imiphumela enhle noma ngokuphathelene, odokotela bezingane kufanele:

• unikeze abazali ngemfundo mayelana ne-autism
• bhekisa ingane ukuze ihlole i-autism spectrum disorder yokuhlola
• bhekisela ingane ekungeneni okusheshayo / izinsizakalo zemfundo esemncane
• bhekisa ingane ngokuhlola kwe-audiologic
• hlela ukuvakasha kokulandela

Okubaluleke kakhulu, odokotela bezingane akufanele bathathe indlela yokulinda nokubona uma ingane inemiphumela emihle yesikrini noma amabili noma ngaphezulu okuyizinto eziyingozi, ezingabandakanya ukuzalwa komzali noma umzali, omunye umnakekeli noma udokotela wezingane okhathazekile ngomntwana.

I-M-CHAT iyindlela evamile yokuhlolisisa i-autism iningi labahlengikazi abayisebenzisa.

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Izincomo zezihlalo zezimoto

Isitatimende senqubomgomo ka-2011 esithi "Ukuphepha Kokuhamba Kwezingane" kuvuselele izincomo ze-AAP mayelana nokuthi izingane kufanele zigibele ngokuphepha emotweni, kuhlanganise nokuthi kufanele zigibele:

• esihlalweni semoto esibhekene nomuva kuze kube seminyaka engu-2 (isihlalo sosana kuphela noma isihlalo esibhekene naso esibhekene naso esibhekene naso)
• esiteshini esibhekene nomoto esibhekene naso okungenani iminyaka engama-4, nakuba izingane kufanele zihlale esihlalweni semoto ngehhashi "isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, kuze kube yisisindo esiphakeme noma ukuphakama okuvunyelwe umenzi." (isihlalo esibheke phambili esibheke phambili noma esihlangene nemoto)
• esikhwameni se-booster booster seat ngokusebenzisa iminyaka yobudala engu-8 kuya kweyishumi nambili, lapho sinezingalo ngamasentimitha angu-9 ubude, futhi amabhande okuhlala angase afane kahle
• besebenzisa ibhande lesigqoko lesigqoko kanye nehlombe uma sebeqalile ukusihlalo, uma "ingxenye yebhande kufanele ihlangane ngaphansi kwezinyopho nesikhumba, kanti ingxenye yesigcawu kufanele ifane phakathi naphakathi kwehlombe nesifuba lapho ingane ihlezi emuva emhlane wayo.
• esihlalweni sangemuva kuze kube yilapho beseneminyaka engu-13 ubudala

Ngenkathi abazali bevame ukugxila kulowo mkhiqizo lapho bethenga isihlalo somoto, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi "zonke izihlalo zemoto ezilinganiselwe yi-NHTSA zihlangabezane namazinga okuphepha e-Federal and standard standards performance performance." Ezinye zilula ukuzisebenzisa kunabanye, okungase kubhekane nokuthi yikuphi ukuhlala kwezimoto ozithengayo.

Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukuthenga isihlalo semoto esikudala nobukhulu esifanele ingane yakho, ehambisana nemoto yakho, futhi kulula ukuthi ufake futhi usebenzise.

Futhi khumbula ukuthi azikho iminyaka ephelele okufanele uguqule izihlalo. Lezi ziqondiso, hhayi izikhathi zokugcina. Ngakho-ke akudingeki ngaso sonke isikhathi uguqule ingane yakho kusukela ebusweni obheke phambili esihlalweni semoto esibhekene naso eminyakeni engu-2 ubudala.

Cabangela kokubili ubudala nengane yakho uma ucabanga ukuthi yisiphi isihlalo semoto esiphezulu futhi esiphephile. Isibonelo, ingane encane ingase ihlale esihlalweni semoto esibheke emuva kuze kube yilapho ineminyaka engu-3 ubudala, isihlalo esihamba phambili semoto kuze kube yilapho eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, nesikhwama se-booster kuze kube yilapho eneminyaka engu-12- endala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingane ezincane ezinkulu zingase zilungele ngempela ukuhlala esihlalweni semoto ezineminyaka engu-12 ubudala, isihlalo se-booster eneminyaka engu-4 ubudala, nezibhande zokuhlala ezineminyaka engu-8.

UDennis Durbin, MD, FAAP, umbhali oholele isitatimende senqubomgomo kanye nombiko wezobuchwepheshe uthi "Abazali bavame ukulangazelela ukuguqulwa kusukela esiteji esisodwa kuya kwesilandelayo, kepha lezi zinguquko kufanele zibalekwe kuze kube yilapho zidingekile, lapho ingane iphelele ubeka umkhawulo wesigaba sakhe samanje. "

Gcina izingane zakho ziphephile lapho zigibele emotweni. Qinisekisa ukuthi basesikhundleni esifanele esifakwe kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho begibela emotweni.

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Imithetho Yokuqala Amanzi Ezinganeni

"Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha zokuqala, amanzi, ijusi, nokunye ukudla ngokuvamile akudingekile ezinsaneni ezisebele."

Isingeniso esincane sokudla okunomsoco owenziwe nge-iron engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka wokuqala kufanele sihlanganise nokudla ubisi lwebele.

Ukudla komntwana osanda kuphuza ingane ifomula .

"Imithetho" yezinsuku zokuqala nokudla okuqinile njengengxenye yesimiso sokunakekela ingane yakho ishintshe okuningi eminyakeni eminingi.

Umbiko wezempilo we-AAP othi "Ukuxilonga Nokuvimbela Ukwehla Kwe-Iron kanye ne-Iron-Deficiency Anemia Emantwaneni Nezingane Ezincane" kusikisela ukuthi "ukwethulwa kokudla okunezinsimbi ezinezinyanga ezine kuya kwezingu-6" kungasiza ukuhlangabezana nensimbi yengane udinga nokuthi "lapho izinsana zinikwa ukudla okunomsoco, inyama ebomvu nemifino enokuqukethwe kwensimbi ephakeme kumele isetshenziswe ekuqaleni."

Izitshalo ezivundiswe nge-Iron nazo ziyindlela enhle yokusiza ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sakho sezinsana zensimbi ngalesi sikhathi.

Kuthiwani ngokugwema 'ukudla kokungezwani komzimba' neminye imithetho yokuqala izinhlayiya?

Ngokuvamile, umbiko wezempilo owenziwa ngo-2008 ovela ku-AAP, "Impumelelo Yokungenelela Kwemithi Ekuqaleni Ekuthuthukisweni Kwezifo Zezingane Ezinsana Nezingane: Indima Yokunciphisa Ukudla Kwabesifazane, Ukuncelisa Ukubeletha, Isikhathi Sokuqala Kwokudla Okuhambisanayo, kanye namafomula ahlanjululwayo," waphonsa uphume kakhulu ngalezo zeluleko. Baphetha ngokuthi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi "ukubambezela kokusungulwa kokudla okucatshangwa ukuthi kuyingozi kakhulu, njengezinhlanzi, amaqanda, nokudla okuqukethe amaprotheni" kuzovikela ingane ekuthuthukiseni isifo se-atopic.

Ngakho-ke ingabe kukhona imithetho yokondla izinsana manje?

Ngokuqinisekile zikhona futhi zifaka ukuthi:

• qala ukudla okunempilo uma ingane yakho ineminyaka engu-4 kuya kwengu-6
• ukudla okuqinile okunamandla ensimbi, okufaka ukudla okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu, inyama ebomvu, nemifino (ubhontshisi obuluhlaza, i-peas, nesipinashi, njll.).
• unike usana lwakho olusencelisayo lwe-vitamin ngensimbi kusukela ezinyangeni ezine ubudala kuze kube yilapho bedla njalo ukudla kokudla ngensimbi ngosuku ngalunye
• gwema ukudla okuphazamisayo - khumbula ukuthi ukupha usana noma ukuntana 'kokudla okuqukethe amaprotheni' akusho ukuthi umnike amantongomane futhi unike inyama ebomvu akusho ukunikeza ucezu okumelwe afune.
• uma ukuphuza ifomula, ungashintshi ubisi lwezinkomo kuze kube yilapho ingane yakho ingenani izinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala
• uma kunesidingo, anikele kuphela ku-4 kuya ku-6 oz we-100% wejusi yezithelo enkomishini uma usana lwakho lunezinyanga ezingu-6 ubudala (khumbula ukuthi lokhu okungaphezulu komkhawulo hhayi imali ephakanyisiwe nsuku zonke - izingane eziningi azidingi ijusi)
• unikeze ngamanzi amachiza e-fluoridation usuku ngalunye oluqala ezinyangeni ezingu-6
• qala ukudla kokudla komunwe kanye nokudla kwetafula uma umntwana wakho ehlala kahle yena futhi elula kalula, izingcezu ezincane zokupheka eziphekwe kahle noma eziqoshiwe

Kungani uqala ezinyangeni ezi-4 kuya kwezingu- 6 ?

Lokho kuvame isikhathi lapho izingane eziningi zilungele ukuthuthukiswa ukudla okuqinile.

Ingabe ingane yakho iphindwe kabili ngesisindo sakhe sokuzalwa?

Ingabe unesiqondiso esihle sekhanda uma uhlezi?

Futhi ingabe engabonakali anelisekile ngesifuba noma ifomula engasekho?

Uma ucabanga ukuthi ingane yakho ilungile, umbuzo omkhulu olandelayo uzoba yiziphi ukudla okuqinile okuzoqala. Ingabe uzoba yendabuko bese uqala ngesikhala se-rice esine-iron noma enezinkuni noma uzokunikeza isifo senhliziyo enkulu futhi uqale ngesithelo noma inyama?

Ngokumangazayo, akunandaba. Nakuba abazali abaningi bathanda ukuqala okusanhlamvu bese behambisa imifino, izithelo, kanye nenyama yokugcina, ungakhetha noma iyiphi i-oda, uma ingane yakho ithola ukudla okuhle okunezinsimbi.

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Ukuvakashelwa kokuqala kwengane yakho

Ngaphezu kokufunda ngokumomotheka komntanakho wokuqala, amagama okuqala, nezinyathelo zokuqala, udokotela wezingane uzosebenza ngokuqondile nakwezinye iziqalo eziningi ukugcina ingane yakho iphilile.

Khumbula ukuthi ukuvakashelwa kokuqala kudokotela wezingane ngokuvamile ngesikhathi beseneminyaka engu-3 kuya kwemihlanu ubudala ubudala, kuye ngokuthi baxoshwa kanjani esibhedlela ngokushesha. Ngaphandle kokuhlola kwe-jaundice , lokhu kuhambela kokuqala kungasiza ingane yakho ukuba ibuke ukuthi ingane yakho idla kanjani futhi ithola isisindo, noma okungenani ingalahlekelwa isisindo esiningi.

Ezinye iziqalo zomntwana wakho kufanele zibe yilo:

• Insana yakho ine-hematocrit noma i-hemoglobin yabo ihlolwe ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ubudala ukuhlola ukutholakala kwe-anemia yensimbi
• ingane yakho inomthamo womzimba womzimba wayo kulinganiswa neminyaka emibili ukuhlola ukukhuluphala kwengane
• ingane yakho yokufundela esikoleni isenesikhathi sokuhlola iso iso lokuqala uma uneminyaka emithathu
• ingane yakho yokufundela esikoleni isifo somfutho wegazi esihlolwe okokuqala ngesikhatsi seminyaka emithathu
• ingane yakho yokufundela esikoleni isuke ihlolwe okokuqala ngenkathi iminyaka emine

Futhi Ukuvakashela Okokuqala Kumhlengikazi wamazinyo kumele kube ngumnyaka oneminyaka eyi-1 ubudala. Ngenkathi abanye abazali, kanye namanye amazinyo omndeni, bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kusencane kakhulu, khumbula ukuthi isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP ka-2014, esithi "Ukulondoloza Nokuthuthukisa Impilo Yomlomo Yezingane Ezincane," kusho ukuthi "ngokudluliselwa kokuqala kumhlinzeki wamazinyo , kunethuba lokugcina impilo enhle yomlomo , ukuvimbela izifo, nokuphatha izifo zakuqala. "

Ukuvakasha kokuqala kuGynecologist kufanele kube yilapho udokotela wezingane zakho ebona "okungavamile okugunyazwa ukudluliselwa kumjozi wezifo zengqondo," njengabantwana abaningi bezingane ("Ukuhlolwa Kwamazinyo Ezinganeni Ezithathelwana Ngayo Emkhakheni Wezinsana Zomntwana") banomuzwa wokuthi "ngokulondoloza okufanelekile kunomzimba wezifo zengqondo, iningi izinkinga zezokwelapha eziphathelene nokwelashwa zingaphathwa umtholampilo esimweni sokuqala sehhovisi lokunakekela izingane. " I-American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists incoma ukuthi "amantombazane kufanele abe nokuvakasha kwawo kokuqala kokubeletha phakathi kweminyaka engu-13 neminyaka engu-15." Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwe-pelvic akuyona kuze kube yilapho intombazane ihamba ngokocansi noma igaqa okungavamile, njll. Futhi ukuhlolwa kwePap kuqala akuvamile kuze kube yiminyaka engu-21 ubudala.

Ukuvakasha kokuqala kumuntu ongewona wezingane kufanele kube lapho ingane yakho esemdala iphakathi kweminyaka engu-18 no-21. Ngenkathi "ukuguqulwa kokunakekelwa kwezempilo kuya komntwana kuya ekudala" kuncike ezintweni eziningi, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi abaningi besazi bezingane baqhubeka bebona intsha esebekhulile nabanye abantu abasha, ikakhulukazi uma bebuhlobo obunesikhathi eside kubo.

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Ezemidlalo Zentsha Nokuzivocavoca

I-AAP inezitatimende eziningana zenqubomgomo ezizosiza ukuqondisa abazali futhi zikhuthaze izingane ukuba zihlanganyele ezemidlalo ezihleliwe, zisebenze ngokomzimba, kodwa zingayi kude kakhulu.

Phakathi kwezincomo yilokho:

• imidlalo ehleliwe akufanele ithathe indawo yokudlala mahhala
• izingane ezincane "kufanele zigweme ukuqeqeshwa kwezemidlalo zakudala" kanti izingane kufanele "zikhuthazwe ukuba zihlanganyele emisebenzini ehlukahlukene ehlukene futhi zithuthukise amakhono amaningi"

Izingane zidinga ukuba zisebenze ngokomzimba nakuba.

Isitatimende senqubomgomo ka-2006, "Ukuphila Okusebenzayo Kwezempilo: Ukuvimbela Ukukhuluphala Kwezingane Ngomsebenzi Wokwenyama Owandayo," welulekwa ukuthi:

Umsebenzi womzimba udinga ukukhuthazwa ekhaya, emphakathini, nasesikoleni ...

Kusukela ekukhuthazeni izingane ukuba zidlale ngaphandle futhi zihambe ngezinyawo zokuhamba kanye nemidlalo ehlangene kanye nokudlala mahhala kwezingane zasesikoleni samabanga aphansi ukuya emncintiswaneni wezemidlalo osemncintiswaneni nokuncintisana kwezingane ezindala, umsebenzi womzimba wansuku zonke kubalulekile. Eqinisweni, izazi zincoma ukuthi abantwana kanye nentsha kufanele bahlanganyele ekuzivocavoca umzimba okulinganiselwe okungenani imizuzu engama-60 ngosuku.

Ukuze ugweme ukulimala kwezemidlalo noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuthi abaqeqeshi, abazali nabadlali baqaphele futhi bavimbele:

• ukucindezeleka ukushisa - ngokugcizelela izingane ukuba zinikezwe ikhono "lokuhamba kancane kancane nokuzilungiselela ngokuphepha ngaphambi kokuzikhandla kwezemidlalo nokuzibandakanya, ukuhlanganyela kwezemidlalo, noma okunye okwenziwa ngokomzimba ekushiseni ngokuhambisana nokuhambelana okuqhubekayo" nokuthi "okwanele, okuhlanzekile, okufanelekile kufanele kufinyeleleke kalula futhi kusetshenziswe ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, nangemva kwayo yonke inhlangano yezemidlalo kanye neminye imisebenzi engokwenyama yokuqeda ukulahlekelwa ukujula nokugcina amanzi okwanele ngenkathi igwema ukuphuza ngokweqile. "
• izimpikiswano - wonke umuntu eqonda ukuthi "abagijimi abanomncintiswano kufanele baphumule, kokubili ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, kuze kube yilapho izimpawu zabo zixazulule kokubili nokuphumula" nokuthi "akufanele babuyiselwe ukudlala ngosuku olufanayo lomncintiswano, ngisho noma ziba yiziqu. "
• ukulimala ngokweqile - kuhlanganise nokulimala , ukuhlukunyezwa kwesithende, isifo se-Osgood-Schlatter, njll.

Isebenza kanjani izingane zakho?

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I-Oral Health yezingane

Esitatimendeni senqubomgomo, "Ukugcina Nokuthuthukisa Impilo Yomlomo Yezingane Ezincane," eyakhishwa ngoDisemba 2014, i-AAP iyala ukuthi abazali balandele le mikhuba ngamazinyo enempilo :

• qalisa ukuxubha amazinyo wengane kabili ngosuku ngokushesha nje lapho bethola, uqale ngesamba somswakama noma uhlamvu lwe-rice we- fluoride toothpaste bese uhambela kuze kube inani elincane le-pearide le-toothpaste elingama-3 ubudala
• hlela ukuvakasha kokuqala kudokotela wamazinyo nengane yabo (babe nekhaya lamazinyo) ngokuzalwa kwabo kokuqala
• qala ukuqhuma uma amazinyo aseduze ngokulinganayo ukuthi awukwazi ukuwashayela phakathi kwabo kahle
• ukusiza noma ukuqapha izingane zabo ukuxubha kuze kube yilapho okungenani zineminyaka engu-8 ubudala
• cabangela ukuba udokotela wamazinyo asebenzise i-fluoride varnish noma i-sealants uma ingane yakho isengozini enkulu yokuthola izikhala

Ngeshwa, izikhala (ama-caries wamazinyo) zivame kakhulu ezinganeni. Kucatshangwa ukuthi abantwana abangu-24% nabantwana basenkulisa kanye nengxenye yezingane ezindala banemikhumbi.

Ukuze usize ukuvimbela izikhala , ngaphezu kwezincomo ezingenhla, i-AAP iphinde iphakamise ukuthi izingane:

• uncelisa
• kufanele babe nezinsini zabo ezihlanziwe, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba bathole amazinyo, ngendwangu yokuhlanza elithambile noma ibhulashi lezinyosi elithambile namanzi nsuku zonke
• gwema ukulala ngebhodlela bese uphulelwa amabhodlela ngokuzalwa kwawo kokuqala
• baphuze amanzi okupompoza aphakathi kwamakhemikhali phakathi kokudla nokunciphisa ukudla okuneshukela kanye neziphuzo ngezikhathi zokudla
• ukunciphisa i-100% yejusi yezithelo ama-ounces amane kuya kwangu-6 ngosuku ngalunye futhi ugweme ezinye iziphuzo nge ushukela owengeziwe
• qhubeka nokubona udokotela wamazinyo njalo ezinyangeni ezingu-6

Ukuphepha kwengane kuyingxenye yempilo yomlomo futhi. Ukuvimbela ukulimala kwamazinyo, i-AAP incoma ukuthi abazali "bahlanganise amacici abukhali bempahla yasendlini ezingeni lokuhamba ezincane, baqinisekise ukusetshenziswa kwezihlalo zokuphepha emotweni, futhi baqaphele ingozi yombane yokulimala komlomo." Ukuvakasha kwamantombazane wezingane zakuqala kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhlelekile ukulungele ukulimala kwamazinyo okuphuthumayo.

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Ukukhuluphala kwengane

Engxoxweni yepaneli ka-1957 ethi "Ukukhuluphala Kwendlela Yokusebenza Kwezingane," abahlanganyeli baphawula ukuthi "ukukhuluphala ngokweqile eminyakeni engenkulisa kuyinto engavamile." Futhi baphawula ukuthi ngisho nalapho "izingane ezikhungathekile" zifaka amafutha amaningi ngokweqile phakathi neminyaka yesikole, iningi labo "lizolahlekelwa kancane kancane nokukhuluphala kwazo futhi zivele njengabantu abadala abasha abanezibalo ezamukelekayo."

Okuningi kuye kwashintsha kusukela ngawo-1950.

Phakathi kwazo ukuthi ukukhuluphala kwengane manje "kubonisa ingozi ecacile futhi ekhona empilweni yezingane nentsha." Yiqiniso, akuzange kwenzeke ngobusuku bonke.

Ukusiza ukuguqula umkhuba, i-AAP itusa ukuthi:

• Izingane zibuza ukuthi zingakanani isikhathi ngosuku izingane ezisichitha ngemidiya yesikrini - akumele zibe ngaphezu kwamahora amabili ngosuku futhi isikhathi sesikrini kufanele sigwenyelwe bonke ndawonye izinsana nezinsana ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-2
• odokotela bezingane bacela ukuthi ngabe izingane zinesethi se-TV noma zingavinjelwe, ukungena kwi-inthanethi okungenakuqondiswa endlini nasendlini yokulala yengane - izingane akufanele zibe ne-TV noma ukufinyelela kwe-intanethi ekamelweni labo, imidiya yesikrini sebusuku kufanele ilinganiselwe, futhi abazali kufanele baqaphe ukufinyelela ( ukubuka)
• izingane zisebenza ngokomzimba okungenani imizuzu engama-60 ngosuku - kufanele zingakhiwe ( ukudlala mahhala ), kumnandi, futhi kube nemisebenzi emincane kakhulu, kodwa akudingeki ukuba kube kanye ngesikhathi esisodwa
• izingane zinama-PE esikoleni nsuku zonke esikoleni
• izingane zinesikhathi sokuphumula
• abazali "bathuthukisa amaphethini okudla okunempilo ngokunikela ukudla okunomsoco, njengemifino nezithelo , ukudla okunomsoco we-milk fat , kanye nokudla okuphelele ; ukukhuthaza ukuzimela kwezingane ekuziphatheni kokudla kokudla nokubeka imingcele efanele ekukhethweni; nokulinganisa izinqumo zokudla okunempilo"

Izingane kufanele futhi zibe ne-BMI yazo ezihlelwe ekuhlolweni komntwana ngamunye, ngaphezu kokurekhoda inani lomsebenzi okwenziwe ngokomzimba kanye nesikhathi esichitha kwimisebenzi engeyona engokomzimba.

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Ukubeka imikhawulo yeskrini

Abazali bavame ukukhononda ngokuthi izingane zabo zibuka i-TV kakhulu futhi zichitha isikhathi esiningi ngaphambi kwezikrini, sonke isikhathi sinikeza ukufinyelela okuningi kulawa madivayisi.

Yiziphi izincomo ze-AAP mayelana nemikhawulo yesikrini? Enkulumweni yenqubomgomo ka-2013 ethi "Izingane, I-Adolescents, neMidiya," i-AAP yakhuthaza ukuthi:

• Izinsana nezinsana ezingaphansi kweminyaka engama-2 kufanele zidangele ukuba nesikhathi sokuvala
• izingane okungenani okungenani iminyaka engu-2 ubudala zikhawulelwe ngaphansi kwamahora angu-1 kuya kwangu-2 kwesikrini sokuzijabulisa sesilinganiso sokuzijabulisa nsuku zonke
• Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi, kufaka phakathi isethi ye-TV, i-iPad, ikhompiyutha, noma ikhonsoli yegeyimu yevidiyo (i-Xbox, i-PlayStation, noma i-Wii), njll, kufanele igcinwe ekamelweni lomntwana futhi akufanele lisetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokudla noma emva kokulala
• abazali kufanele babheke ukuthi yini izingane zabo ezibukeleyo nokudlala ezikrinini zabo

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iningi lethu lisebenza ukunciphisa isikhathi sokubuka ekhaya, izingane zibonakala zithola isikhathi esiningi esikrinini esikoleni. Isikhathi esingakanani esikrinini izingane zakho ezithola esikoleni? Benzani kulezi zikrini?

I-AAP isekela futhi:

• iziqondiso ezinamandla zokuvimbela ukukhangisa kokudla okusheshayo nokudla okungenamsoco ezinganeni
• imithetho emisha engavimbela ukukhangisa kotshwala ku-TV
• okwenza ama-movie angabi nentuthu
• ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwezindaba ze-prosocial nokunciphisa okuqukethwe okungaba yingozi, njengodlame nabalingiswa abaphuza noma ababhema

Ingabe umndeni wakho udinga ukudla kwezindaba?

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I-brroncholitis ne-RSV

Nakuba abazali abaningi bengayazi nge-bronchiolitis, bayazi nge-RSV, igciwane elivame ukubangela.

Ngokungafani nokubandayo okuvamile, ukutheleleka okuphezulu kokuphefumula, i-bronchiolitis yinto ephansi yokutheleleka kokuphefumula. Ngokuvamile kubangelwa igciwane le-syncytial (RSV) lokuphefumula nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, ngokuvamile ebusika ngasekuseni kwentwasahlobo.

Ngokufanayo nangomkhuhlane, izingane ezine-bronchiolitis zingaba nephunga lekhanda nokukhwehlela, kodwa futhi zingaba nokuphefumula okunzima nokushaya. Yilezi zibonakaliso eziphansi zokuphefumula nezimpawu ezivame ukuholela ezinsaneni ezine-bronchiolitis ezidinga ukunakekelwa esibhedlela, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinyangeni eyodwa noma ezimbili ubudala.

Nakuba i-RSV ne-bronchiolitis kubonakala sengathi iyabethusa abazali abaningi, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi eqenjini eliphakeme kakhulu engozini, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa nezinsana ezincane, kuphela u-3% ophelile odinga ukunakekelwa esibhedlela. Futhi amazinga okubhedlela asezingeni eliphansi kakhulu ezinsaneni nasezingane ezindala.

Uma ingane yakho ithola i-bronchiolitis, i-AAP inezincomo ezithile ezishicilelwe ku-November 2014 inkinga ye- Pediatrics , kuhlanganise nokuthi:

• Iningi lezingane ezine-bronchiolitis azidingi njalo izivivinyo zama-laboratory noma ama-xrays. I-brronchiolitis kufanele itholakale ngokusekelwe emlandweni wengane wezimpawu nokuhlolwa ngokomzimba. Ukuhlolwa kwansuku zonke ukubona ukuthi ingane ine-RSV nayo ayikhuthazwa.
• U-Albuterol akuyona imithi ephakanyisiwe ye-bronchiolitis. Odokotela basebenzise ukuzama ukuphefumula kwe-albuterol ezinganeni ezine-bronchiolitis, futhi uma kubonakala sengathi zisiza, bese uqhubeka nazo. Leli vivinyo le-albuterol alisandisiwe noma licatshangwa ukuthi liyasiza.
• Ezinye zokwelashwa ezingavunyelwe zihlanganisa i-epinephrine, i-nebulazed hypertonic saline (ngaphandle uma ingane ingene esibhedlela), i-steroids, i-physiotherapy yesifuba (CPT), i-oxygen uma ukugcwalisa kungaphezulu kwama-90%, noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-pulse oximetry okuqhubekayo.

Izincomo ezintsha zishintshe izincomo zokusebenzisa i-Synagis, umjovo wenyanga ongakusiza ukuvimbela ama-RSV ezinsana ezingenesikhathi. Manje kunconywa ukuba i-Synagis isetshenziswe kuphela ezinganeni ezazalelwa ngaphambi kwamasonto angu-29, ngaphandle uma zinezifo ezingapheli noma isifo senhliziyo.

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Iodine for Mother's Breastfeeding

Enkulumweni yenqubomgomo ka-2014, "Ukuntuleka Kwe-iodine, Amakhemikhali Angcolile, ne-Thyroid: Ulwazi Olusha Ngenkinga Endala," i-AAP itusa ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe nabancelisayo:

• thatha isithako nge-iodide eyanele - okungenani 150 μg ye-iodide
• gwema ukutholakala kwe-nitrate ngokweqile emanzini okuphuza (kungaba yinkinga ngamanzi ahlanzekile) kanye nemifino eningi ephezulu ye-nitrate (imifino eminingi enamagatsha nemifino), kuhlanganise nesilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, i-ulethisi, isipinashi, izaqathe, i-beet, njll.
• gwema ukutholakala kwe-thiocyanate ngokungabhemi nokugwema ukubhema umsizi wesibhamu, futhi ungadli imifino emikhulu ye-cruciferous, ikakhulukazi uma kuluhlaza, kuhlanganise iklabishi, i-turnips, i-broccoli, ama-sproute, njll.
• sebenzisa usawoti we-iodized table

Nakuba abesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele baqaphele le nkinga, i-AAP ithi "abambalwa badla imifino eyinhlanzi, imifucumfucu noma imifino yokuthi lezi zimithombo zikhathazeke."

Nakuba usawoti usawoti e-United States sekuyisikhathi eside uqinisekiswe iodine (kusukela ngo-1924), abantu abaningi bayamangala lapho bezwa ukuthi:

• Imikhiqizo eminingi yoLwandle Lwawosawoti ayilona iodized (eyakhiwe nge-iodine)
• Usawoti ongcolile awunayo iodididi
• Ukudla okucutshungulwayo kuvame ukwenziwa ngosawoti ongasetshenzisiwe
• Ukwawoti usawoti awuqinisekisi nge-iodine kuwo wonke amazwe, ikakhulukazi i-Europe, lapho ubisi, ushukela, ngisho namafutha okupheka, njll.

Okubaluleke nakakhulu, khumbula ukuthi ukudla okumbalwa kungokwemvelo kwemithombo ye-iodine, kodwa kungafaka izinhlanzi zasolwandle, i-shellfish, nolwandle lwama-seaweed. Okuqukethwe kwe-iodine kokudla kuxhomeke lapho bebanjwe khona noma bakhulile, kodwa njengoba okuqukethwe kwe-iodine yamanzi olwandle nomhlabathi kuhluka ezindaweni ezahlukene. Imithombo enkulu yokudla ngokuvamile yilabo abaqiniswa ngokuqondile nge-iodine noma okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kokudla kwesilwane (i-meats nemikhiqizo yobisi).

I-American Thyroid Association iphinde ikhuthaze ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe nabancenga bathatha isithako nge-iodide eyanele.

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I-Calcium ne-Vitamin D for Bones Health

Ingabe izingane zakho zisebenzela ukwakha amathambo enempilo ekukhuleni kwabo?

Ingabe bathola i-calcium ne-vitamin D ngokwanele ekudleni kwabo?

Ingabe benza izinto eziningi zokuzivocavoca nemisebenzi?

Ingabe banayo izimo zezokwelapha ezingapheli noma bathathe noma yimiphi imithi engabangela ukuncipha kwethambo ezinganeni nasebasha?

Umbiko we-AAP we-2014 AAP othi "Ukuthuthukisa I-Bone Health ku-Children and Adolescents," uncoma ukuthi izingane zithi:

• Buza ukuthi ngabe izingane zakho zithola i-calcium ne-vitamin D ngokwanele ekudleni (imithombo yobisi kanye ne-nondairy) noma izithako zokuphuza, ukuphuza kakhulu i-soda, nokuthola umzimba wokuzivocavoca ngokwanele, ikakhulukazi ngonyaka ongu-3, ​​unyaka ongu-9, kanye nokuvakasha kwengane encane.
• Khuthaza izingane ukuba zithole i-calcium eyanele ne-vitamin D equkethe ukudla neziphuzo ekudleni kwazo usuku ngalunye.
• Khuthaza izingane ukuba zihlanganyele emisebenzini yokuthwala isisindo, kuhlanganise nokugijima, ukuxuma, nokudansa, njll.

• Ungahlolisisi njalo amazinga e-vitamin D azo zonke izingane ezinempilo.

Uma izingane zakho zingathandi noma zingakwazi ukuphuza ubisi, kuneminye imithombo enhle ye-calcium ne-vitamin D ongayicabangela ukusiza izingane zakho zakha amathambo enempilo. Futhi njengoba "cishe u-40% kuya ku-60% wamathambo omdala omdala atholakala phakathi neminyaka yokukhula," akuyona into yokuyeka isikhathi eside kakhulu.

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I-Vitamin D Yokubeletha Abantwana

Nakuba "ukondla nobisi lomuntu yizona izindinganiso ezijwayelekile zokusana
ukudla nokudla, "i-AAP esitatimendeni sabo samanje somthetho (ngo-2012 esithi" Ukubeletha nokusetshenziswa koMuntu "kusho ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi:

zonke izinsana ezincelisayo zivame ukuthola ukwesekwa ngomlomo kavithamini D, u-400 U ngosuku, kuqala ukukhishwa esibhedlela.

Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukukhuphuka kwe-vitamin D kanye ne-rickets, okuye kwaba yinkinga enkulu maduzane "ngenxa yokunciphisa ukukhanya kwelanga okuyisisekelo kuya ekushintsheni endleleni yokuphila, imikhuba yokugqoka, nokusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo okushisa kwelanga."

Lokhu akusiyona incomo entsha kodwa, njengoba isitatimende somgomo we-AAP ka-2008, "Ukuvimbela Ama-Ricket ne-Vitamin D Ukuntula Kwezingane, Izingane Nezingane Zontsha," kusho into efanayo:

Izingane ezincelisayo ezincelisayo ezincelisayo zifanele zenziwe nge-400 IU / usuku kavithamini D kusukela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala zokuphila.

Ngaphambi kwalokho, isitatimende senqubomgomo ka-2003, "Ukuvimbela Ama-Ricket no-Vitamin D Ukuntuleka: Izinkombandlela Ezintsha Zokuthola I-Vitamin D," watusa i-vitamin D engama-200 we-vitamin D ngosuku.

Khumbula ukuthi akuyona nje izingane ezisencelisayo noma ngisho nabantwana kuphela noma abadinga i-vitamin D.

Izinsana ezingenakubalwa, izinsana, kanye nentsha zonke zidinga i-vitamin D nayo.

Lezi zinsana nezingane ezindala zizothola i-vitamin D yazo eminye imithombo yamanzi ene-vitamin D, kodwa ihlanganisa ifomu kanye ne-vitamin D yobisi obunamandla. Inkinga iwukuthi leso sibeletho asiwona umthombo omuhle we-vitamin D.

Izithako ze-Vitamin D zokuncelisa izingane nezingane zingafaka:

• I-Enfamil D-Vi-Sol
• Izingane zehla D

Funa i-vitamin D eyongezwayo egazini le-400IU ngokudonsa, ekhumbula ukuthi izingxenyana eziphakeme kakhulu zithengiswa.

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Izincomo ze-AAP ngokusoka

Isikhundla se-AAP ngokusoka sashintshe kancane kancane eminyakeni:

• Azikho izinkomba zezokwelapha ezisemthethweni zokusoka esikhathini sokubeletha . (1971)
• Ayikho inkomba yezokwelapha ngokuphelele yokusoka kwesimiso. (1975)
• Ukusoka okusanda kuzalwa kunamathuba okuthola usizo lwezokwelapha kanye nezinzuzo kanye nezinkinga kanye nezingozi. Uma ukusoka kucatshangelwa, izinzuzo nezingozi kufanele zichazwe abazali kanye nemvume enolwazi etholakalayo. (1989)
• Ubufakazi obukhona besayensi bubonisa izinzuzo ezikhona zokwelapha zokusoka kwabesilisa abasanda kuzalwa; Kodwa-ke, le datha ayinelisekile ukuncoma ukusoka kokubeletha. Ezimweni lapho kunezinzuzo nezingozi ezingase zibe khona, nokho inqubo ayibalulekile empilweni yangempela yengane, abazali kufanele banqume ukuthi yini eyintandokazi yengane. (1999)
• Ukuhlolwa kobufakazi bamanje kubonisa ukuthi izinzuzo zezempilo zokusoka kwabesilisa abasanda kuzalwa zidlula izingozi nokuthi izinzuzo zenqubo zivumela ukufinyelela kule nqubo imindeni eyikhethayo. Izinzuzo ezicacisiwe ezifakiwe zibandakanya ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kwamagciwane, umdlavuza we-penile, nokudluliselwa kwezifo ezithile ezithathelwana ngocansi , kubandakanya i-HIV. (2012)

Noma kunjalo, ngisho naseSitatimendeni Saso Sokuqokwa Kwezomthetho, i-AAP iphinde ithi "izinzuzo zempilo azitholakali ngokwanele ukuncoma ukusoka kwansuku zonke kuzo zonke izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa," nakuba ngokuvamile kuvunyelwa kahle ngezinkinga ezingavamile.

Bakhuthaza abazali ukuba "bahlole ulwazi lwezokwelapha esimweni sezinkolelo nezenzo zabo zenkolo, zokuziphatha, namasiko."

Futhi-ke, i-AAP "iphikisana nayo yonke inhlobo yokwehla komzimba wesifazane."

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Izithelo nemifino

Ingabe izingane zakho zidla izithelo nemifino eyanele usuku ngalunye?

Ngabe uyazi ukuthi bangaki okufanele badle?

Ngokuvamile, ukuthola izithelo nemifino eyanele, i-AAP itusa ukuthi ulandele izincomo ze-MyPlate bese wenza isigamu sezithelo zakho nemifino.

Ngokuqondile, kuye ngokuthi izinga labo lomsebenzi, izingane kufanele zidle mayelana:

• 1 indebe yezithelo uma beneminyaka engu-2-3 ubudala
• 1 kuya ku-1 1/2 izindebe zezithelo uma beneminyaka engu-4-8 ubudala
• 1 1/2 izinkomishi zezithelo uma beneminyaka engu-9-13 ubudala
• Izinkomishi ezi-1/2 (amantombazane) kuya ku-2 izinkomishi (abafana) bezithelo uma beneminyaka engu-14-18 ubudala

Izincomo zokudla imifino zifana, futhi zifaka ukuthi izingane kufanele zidle:

• 1 indebe yemifino lapho beneminyaka engu-2-3 ubudala
• 1 1/2 izinkomishi zemifino uma beneminyaka engu-4-8 ubudala
• Izinkomishi ezimbili (amantombazane) kuya ezinkomishi ezimbili / 2 (abafana) zemifino uma beneminyaka engu-9-13 ubudala
• Izinkomishi ezimbili / 2 (amantombazane) kuya ku-3 izinkomishi (abafana) zemifino uma beneminyaka engu-14-18 ubudala

Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi izingane zidle izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemifino ngesonto ngalinye, kufaka phakathi imifino eluhlaza emnyama, imifino ebomvu ne-orange, ubhontshisi nama-peas, imifino yemifino kanye neminye imifino, njenge-celery, ukhukhamba, kanye ne-avocade.

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Izingane neCafineine

Abazali abaningi kungenzeka bacabange ukuthi izingane zabo zithola i- caffeine enkulu ... baze bacabange ngazo zonke iziphuzo ze- caffeinated ezingase zithole, njenge:

• itiye elimnandi
• i-soda ye-caffeinated - ngaphandle uma bethola iziphuzo ezingenayo i-caffeine, njenge-Root Beer, Sprite, i-7-Up noma i-Ginger Ale, kungenzeka ukuthi i- soda yabo ihlanganisa i-caffeine
• iziphuzo zamandla - i-Red Bull, i-Monster ne-Rockstar, njll.
• i-caramel Frappuccino noma enye isiphuzo sekhofi kusuka ku-Starbucks

Kungenzeka ukuthi izingane zakho zithola i-caffeine eyengeziwe ocabanga ukuthi, okuyinto enhle, njengoba i-AAP ixwayisa ukuthi ukudla okudla kwe-caffeine "kufanele kudangele bonke abantwana."

Embikweni wabo womtholampilo othi "Iziphuzo Zezemidlalo Neziphuzo Zezikhali Zezingane Nezingane Ezikhulayo: Ingabe Ziyakufanelekile ?," i-AAP ixwayise ngokucacile ukuthi iziphuzo zamandla "azifanelekile izingane nezingane futhi akufanele zishiswe."

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Iziphuzo Zezemidlalo Neziphuzo Zamandla

Njengoba ingane yakho ifuna izingane zakho ukudlala ezemidlalo noma ezinye izinto zomzimba nsuku zonke, ungacabanga ukuthi iziphuzo zezemidlalo zilungile, akunjalo?

Nope.

Iziphuzo zezemidlalo, ne-carbs yazo kanye nama-calorie, zivame ukusetshenziswa kabi.

Umbiko wemibiko ka-2011, "Iziphuzo Zezemidlalo Neziphuzo Zezikhali Zezingane Nezingane Zengane Ezinganeni: Ingabe Ziyakufanelekile ?," zithi aziyona enye indlela enempilo engenazo ze- soda futhi azidingeki ngesikhathi noma ngemuva kwemisebenzi engasebenzi emzimbeni.

Iziphuzo zamandla, ngoba bane-caffeine, babe "nezingozi ezingokwempilo" futhi "akufanele neze zishiswe" yizingane noma intsha.

Esikhundleni salokho, emva kokunconywa kwawo kwansuku zonke ngobisi olunamafutha aphansi, amanzi kufanele abe "umthombo oyinhloko we-hydration kubantwana nasebancane."

Iziphuzo zezemidlalo zingase zibe nendawo izingane kanye nentsha ehilelekile ekukhuthazeleni ngokuncintisana, ezemidlalo eziphindaphindiwe, kodwa kubantwana abaningi abathintekayo "ekusebenzeni ngokomzimba," kungenzeka ukuthi amanzi angcono kakhulu.

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I-Lipid Screening ebuntwaneni

"Isifo samanje sokukhuluphala kwengane kanye neengozi elandayo yokwandisa isifo sikashukela, uhlobo lwe-hypertension, nesifo senhliziyo kubantu abadala nasebekhulile" kwaholela i-AAP ukuthatha indlela entsha "ye-Lipid Screening ne-Health Cardiovascular Childhood" ngo-2008 lapho baqala ukuncoma ukuthi:

• izingane ezinobungozi eziphakeme zineziqu ze-lipid ezisheshayo ezenziwe "ngemva kweminyaka emibili kodwa zingekho eminyakeni engama-10 ubudala."

Ngonyaka ka-2011, i-AAP yayisekele "Umbiko Wezinkampani Zomhloli Wezinkombandlela Ezihlanganisiwe Zokunakekelwa Kwempilo Yenhliziyo Nokunciphisa Ingozi Ezinganeni Nezingane Zengane" kusukela ku-National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, futhi sinezincomo ezintsha:

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-lipid kwenzalo yonke ye-cholesterol ephezulu phakathi kweminyaka yobudala engu-9 kuya kwengu-11 neminyaka engu-17 kuya ku-21
• iphrofayili yokuzila ukudlala i-lipid yezingane ezineminyaka engama-2 kuya kwengu-8 uma zisengozini enkulu

Kusho ukuthini ukuba esengozini enkulu?

Izingane eziphakeme ezingengozi zingase:

• unomzali one-cholesterol ephezulu (i-cholesterol engaphezu kuka-240)
• ube ngaphezu kwe-95th percentile ye-BMI, unesifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi ophezulu, noma ubheme ugwayi
• unomzali, ugogo nomkhulu, unina / umalume, noma umntanakho owayene-infarction ye-myocardial, i-angina, i-stroke, kanye / noma i-coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) / stent / angioplasty ngaphambi kokuba babe neminyaka engu-55 (abesilisa) kuya eminyakeni engama-65 ( abesifazane) ubudala

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Ukuhlolwa kwesifo socansi (STIs)

Isitatimende senqubomgomo ka-Julayi 2014 esivela ku-AAP, "Ukuhlolwa Kwezingculazi Ezithathelwana Ngocansi ezinganeni ezinganeni nezintsha ezincane," kuncoma ukuthi intsha ekhuluma ngokocansi ihlolwe ngonyaka:

• i-chlamydia ne-gonorrhea - bonke abesifazane abesilisa ocansini (abaneminyaka engama-25 nangaphansi) nabesilisa abalala nobulili (MSM)
• i-trichomoniasis - abesifazane abanengozi enkulu, njengabahlanganyeli abaningi noma umlando wezifo zocansi
• i-syphylis - kuphela uma ingozi enkulu (abesifazane nabesilisa) futhi ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-RPR noma i-VDRL, ngokuhlolwa okungeziwe uma kuqinisekiswa ukuxilongwa - ngokuvamile ukuhlolwa kwe-TP-PA.

Lokhu kuhlolwe noma ukuhlolwa kuhambisana nezincomo zokuhlolwa kwe-STD kanye ne-HIV kusuka ku-CDC futhi kungasiza "ukubona nokuphatha abantu abanezifo ezithathelwanayo, ukunciphisa ukudluliselwa kwabanye, ukugwema noma ukunciphisa imiphumela yesikhathi eside, ukuhlonza abanye abantu abavelele nalabo abanokutheleleka , futhi kunciphise ukusabalala kokutheleleka emphakathini. "

La ma-STIs ajwayelekile futhi ngezinye izikhathi angabikho ngaphandle kwezimpawu, ikakhulukazi i-chlamydia.

Isitatimende senqubomgomo futhi sincoma ukuthi labo abane-chlamydia, gonorrhea, noma i-trichomoniasis babuyiselwe ezinyangeni ezintathu.

I-AAP iphinde iphakamise (kusukela ngo-2011) noma:

• ukuhlolisisa i-HIV yonke intsha eneminyaka engu-16 kuya kweyishumi nane
• ukuhlola ukutheleleka nge-HIV kubo bonke abasha abesilisa ocansini uma isandulela-ngculazi emphakathini iphansi
• ukuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ngonyaka

Ingabe intsha yakho iyasebenza ngokocansi?

Ingabe zihlolwe isifo socansi?