Iseluleko sezingane kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu

by UVincent Iannelli, MD, udokotela oqinisekiswe yibhodi

Izincomo ze-AAP

Iseluleko sezingane

Ngokusho kwe-American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), "Ukuvimbela ingenye yezimpawu zomkhuba wezingane futhi kuhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene njengama-screenings asanda kuzalwa, ukugonywa, nokukhuthazwa kwezihlalo zokuphepha emotweni kanye nama-helmets ebhayisikili."

Lesi sisho sasisesitatimendeni senqubomgomo mayelana nokuvimbela ukukhuluphala kwengane kanye nesincoma sokubala inkomba yomzimba wengane yengane (BMI) unyaka ngamunye.

Lokhu kungasiza ekuboneni nasekuvimbeleni inkinga ekhulayo yokukhuluphala kwengane.

Inkinga eyinhloko yazo zonke lezi zinhlobo zezincomo zezingane ukuthi zisebenza kuphela uma zenziwa njalo, okuyinto ngeshwa akuyona nje kuphela njengabahlengikazi abangazi kahle izinqubomgomo ezintsha, abavumelani nemigomo ethile, noma uthanda ukwenza izinto ngendlela yabo kangcono.

Ukuhlolwa kwezingane

I-AAP itusa ukuthi izingane zihlolwe lapho ziyi:

Kunconywa ukuthi izingane ezifunda esikoleni kanye nentsha zithole ukuhlolwa kwengane kahle ngonyaka.

Izindlela Zokuziphatha Ezihle Zezingane

Ukuqaphela lezi zindlela ezingcono kakhulu zengane kungasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingane yakho inakekelwe ukulandela izincomo zakamuva ezivela ku-American Academy of Pediatrics.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Autism : izingane zakudala kufanele zibheke amafulegi abomvu a-autism (abathintana amehlo abathandekayo, abangafuni ukubizwa ngegama, nokubambezeleka ukukhuluma nokukhuluma kwengane, njll) okungaba yisibonakaliso se-autism ekuvakasheni komntwana ngamunye kahle futhi kufanele basebenzise ngokusemthethweni ithuluzi le-autism yesikrini, njenge-M-CHAT (Uhlu Lokuhlola Oluguquliwe lwe-Autism ku-Toddlers), ezinyangeni ezingu-18 no-24 noma noma nini lapho umzali ephakamisa ukukhathazeka okungenzeka ukuthi ingane yakhe ibe ne-autism.

Ukucindezelwa Kwegazi : Izingane kufanele zibe nokucindezelwa kwegazi njalo ekuvakasheni ingane ngayinye kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka emithathu.
I-BMI : Izingane kanye nentsha kufanele i-BMI yabo ibalwe futhi ihlelwe ngeshadi lokukhula kwe-BMI unyaka ngamunye ukusiza ukukhomba ukuzuza ngokweqile kwenhlekelele kanye nengozi yokukhulisa ukukhuluphala kwengane. Uyazi i-BMI yengane yakho?
Ukubeletha : izidakamizwa zezingane kufanele zikhuthaze ngokuncelisa ibele kuphela, ngaphandle kwamanzi engeziwe, ijusi, noma ukudla okunye, ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyisithupha zokuphila komntwana, ngisho nangemva kokudla kokudla kanye nokudla komntwana kuqaliswa izinyanga eziyisithupha, "Ukubeletha kumele kuqhutshwe okungenani unyaka wokuqala wokuphila nokudlulela isikhathi eside njengoba nje umama nomntwana befisa. "
Ukuhlolwa kwe-cholesterol : Zonke izingane kufanele zibe nokuhlolwa okungenayo ukudla kwe-cholesterol uma beneminyaka engu-9 kuya kweyishumi nane ubudala. Labo abanomlando omuhle womndeni we-dyslipidemia (i-high cholesterol yegazi kanye / noma i-triglycerides) noma isifo se-cardiovascular ngaphambi kwesikhathi (ukucindezeleka kwegazi, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukushaya isisu noma ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo, njll, kumadoda angu-65 noma kumama-55 (abesifazane) ubudala futhi abancane), uma umlando wabo womndeni engaziwa, noma uma bekhuluphele kakhulu, banesifo esiphakeme segazi, isifo sikashukela, noma bashiye ugwayi, njll, kufanele babe nokuzilayeza kwe-lipid profile uma beneminyaka engu-2 kuya kweyishumi ubudala.

Ukuzwa izivivinyo : ngaphezu kokuhlolwa kokuzalwa kwabo, abantwana kufanele baqale ukuba nezivivinyo ezizwakalayo zokulalela lapho bevakashela njalo izingane zabo ngonyaka uma beneminyaka emine ubudala. Isivivinyo sokuzwa ngonyaka senziwa naseneminyaka emihlanu, eyisithupha, eyisishiyagalombili neshumi. Ukuhlolwa okungekho emthethweni kokuhlolwa kwezinhlekelele ngezinkinga zokuzwa kufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwabo ngonyaka.
I-Hematocrit : i-hemoglobin noma i-hematocrit igazi test ngokuvamile yenziwa ezinyangeni ezingu-12 ukuhlola izingane ngenxa ye-anemia, okuvame ukubangelwa ukungabi nensimbi. Ukuhlolwa okungeziwe ngenxa yezinkinga zokuthola i-anemia, njengezinsana zokubeletha ezingadli ubisi obunamapulangwe noma izinsana eziphuza ubisi oluningi kakhulu, njll, kunconywa ezinyangeni ezine, izinyanga ezingu-18, bese kuthi lapho ingane yakho ihlolwa kahle ngonyaka.

I-HIV : i-CDC itusa ukuhlolwa kwesandulela ngculaza kubantwana abaqala lapho beneminyaka engu-13 ubudala futhi baphinda njalo ngonyaka uma besengozini enkulu yokutheleleka nge-HIV. I-AAP itusa ukuthi bonke abasha bahlolwe i-HIV uma beneminyaka engu-16 kuya kweyishumi nesishiyagalolunye ubudala, noma ngokushesha uma benengozi enkulu.
I-Jaundice : Zonke izingane ezisanda kuzalwa kufanele zihlolwe njalo ekuthuthukiseni i- jaundice ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe ekhaya zivela e-nursery kanti ingozi yengane yokuthuthukisa i-jaundice kufanele ihlolwe ngaphambi kokuthi ithunyelwe ekhaya. Kufanele babonwe ngodokotela wezingane zabo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi abahlali be-jaundice. Abazali kufanele bahlale bekhumbula ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga ukuphuza i-jaundice akusekelwa yi-AAP.
I-Poisoning Leading : izingane, ikakhulukazi izinsana kanye nezinsana, kufanele zibuzwe ngaso sonke isikhathi mayelana nezingozi zokuhogela udoti futhi zihlolwe uma kufanelekile, njengokuhlala endlini eyakhiwa ngaphambi kuka-1978, ukuba nabangane noma amalungu omndeni anamazinga aphezulu okuhola, noma ngenxa yesimo noma uhlelo lokuhlola ukukhwabanisa endaweni.
Ukukhulelwa okusha: abantwana abaningi abasha kufanele bavunyelwe ukuba bahlale esibhedlela okungenani amahora angu-48 emva kokubelethwa kwesisu futhi okungenani amahora angu-96 ngemuva kokulethwa kwezidakamizwa, nakuba ezinye izinsana ezinempilo ezigcwele, ezigcwele ngaphandle kwezinkinga, ezihlangabezana nezinqubo ezithile zingahamba ekhaya kancane kancane uma bezokwazi ukulandelelana nezingane zabo zingakapheli amahora angu-48.
Isikhathi Sesikrini : I-AAP iluleka ukuthi izinsana nezinsana ezineminyaka engaphansi kweminyaka emibili kufanele zingabi nesikhathi sesikrini nhlobo - kufanele zingabi nesikrini. Izingane ezindala akufanele zibe ne-TV ekamelweni labo futhi kufanele zikhawulelwe okungaphezu kwehora elilodwa kuya kwezingu-2 ngosuku lesikrini esiphelele, kufaka phakathi ukubukela ithelevishini, amavidiyo, nama-movie, futhi ukudlala imidlalo yekhompyutha nevidiyo, njll.
U-Sex Ed : ngokuhlonipha izindinganiso zomuntu ngamunye namasiko, odokotela bezingane kufanele bakhulume nabazali, izingane, kanye nentsha mayelana nemfundo yobulili ngezindlela ezifanele.
Ama-STD : wonke amantombazane asebenza ngokocansi kufanele ahlolwe njalo ngezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STDs) ngonyaka, kuhlanganise chlamydia ne-gonorrhea, abangayithola ngaphandle kwempawu.
Isikrini : Izingane kufanele zikhumbuze abazali ukuthi izingane zabo kufanele zigweme ukushisa kwelanga, suntanning, nezinye izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukushisa kwelanga , ngaphezu kokuncoma ukuthi uma zinezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala ubudala, zisebenzisa i- sunscreen ebanzi nge-SPF engu-15 noma ngaphezulu kwe-15 kuya emaminithini angu-30 ngaphambi kokuphuma elangeni, nokuthi kudingeka badlulise kabusha okungenani njalo amahora amabili. Izinsana ezincane ezingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala kufanele zigcinwe ngaphandle kwelanga, nakuba lapho kunesidingo esikhulu, isikrini selanga singasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezivelele ezingahlanganiswa nesikhwama nezinye izingubo zokuzivikela.
Izifundo zokubhukuda : Ngaphandle kwabazali abacebisa ngokuphathelene nokuvimbela izingane zabo kanye nokuphepha kwamanzi , odokotela bezingane kufanele bakhumbuze abazali ukuthi izingane eziningi okungenani okungenani iminyaka emine ubudala kufanele zithathe izifundo zokubhukuda baze bafunde ukudoba.
Izivivinyo ze-TB : I-Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) ivame ukwenza kuphela izingane ezinezinkinga ze-TB, kuhlanganise nabantwana abane-HIV, abasha ababoshiwe, izingane ezithintana nomuntu onesifo sofuba, ezinezibonakaliso noma izimpawu ze-TB, zisanda kuthunyelwa kusuka, kuhlanganise nezamukeli zomhlaba wonke, noma uhambo oluya ezweni elinesifo sofuba.
Ukuhlola Ukuhlola Okusanda Kuzalwa Kwasanda Kuzalwa : zonke izingane ezisanda kuzalwa kufanele zihlolwe futhi zihlolwe ngesikhathi zinezinyanga ezintathu ubudala uma zihluleka ukuhlolwa kwazo kokuqala ukuze zithole izinsizakalo zokungenela ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba zinezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala uma zinayo ukulahlekelwa kokulalela okuqhubekayo.
Imizamo Yokuhlola : Izingane kufanele ziqale ukuhlola ukuhlolwa komzimba ngokusemthethweni ekuvakaseni njalo ngonyaka kubantwana bezingane zabo lapho beneminyaka emithathu ubudala. Uma bengabambisani nokuhlolwa kokuqala kokuhlola, umbono wakho wezingane uzodinga ukuhlola ngaphakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Ukuhlolwa kombono wonyaka kwenziwa ngeminyaka eyisithupha bese kuhamba ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni okubhekene nezinkinga zombono njalo ngonyaka kuze kufike eminyakeni eyi-12. Intsha kufanele ibe nokuhlolwa okusemthethweni lapho kuneminyaka engu-15 no-18 ubudala, nokuhlola ukuhlolwa kwengozi ekuhloliseni kwabo ngonyaka.
I-WHO Growth Charts : I-CDC ne-AAP bancoma ukuthi izingane zisebenzise i-World Health Organization (WHO) amashadi okukhula kwabantwana abangaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-24 ubudala, esikhundleni samashadi asekhulile e-CDC. Amashadi e- CDC okukhula angaqhubeka asetshenziselwa izingane kanye nentsha eneminyaka emibili nangaphezulu. Amashadi okukhula kwe-WHO ayoba usizo ikakhulukazi lapho ehlola izingane ezincelisayo, ngezinye izikhathi ezibonakala sengathi zithola isisindo kabi kuma-charts we-CDC okukhula, ngisho nalapho zibeletha kahle.

Ezinye izincomo zezingane

Ezinye izincomo zezingane ezamukelwe noma ezikhishwe yi-American Academy of Pediatrics zifaka izitatimende zenqubomgomo mayelana:

Amalungiselelo Okugomela Ngenye Indlela - I-AAP ivumela kakhulu ukugoma futhi isekela izidingo zokugoma zokungena esikoleni. I-AAP ayivumeli noma iphakamise noma yiziphi ezinye izinhlelo zokugoma.
Umkhuhlane kanye Nemithi Ebandayo - izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyisithupha akufanele zinikezwe imithi yokukhwehlela nokubandayo.
Ukuvakashela okokuqala kudokotela wamazinyo - kungaba ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya kwezingu-12 ubudala, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezisengozini enkulu yokuzibandakanya, okubandakanya labo abanezidingo ezikhethekile zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, omama abanezinsika eziningi, noma uma sebevele benamathele, , noma i-plaque buildup. Izingane ezilala nebhola noma ezondla ebusuku, zinezingane zakithi ezindala, noma emindenini enezinga eliphansi lezepolitiki, kufanele futhi zibone udokotela wamazinyo esemncane. I-AAP manje ithi bonke abantwana kufanele babone udokotela wamazinyo ngosuku lwabo lokuqala lokuzalwa.
Ukuvakashela okokuqala kuGynecologist - ngaphandle uma kukhona enye inkomba ye-speculum noma ukuhlolwa kwe-bimanual, amantombazane asencane angakwazi ukulinda ukuvakasha kokuqala kumgogeni wamazinyo kuze kube yilapho eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanye ubudala, isikhathi lapho uhlolo lokuqala lwep Kunconywa. Ngisho noma ukuhlolwa kwe-pelvic kuyadingeka ngesikhathi esidlule, njengokungcola kwamagciwane okuqhubekayo, ukuphuma kwegazi okungavamile, noma izimpawu ze-UTI kumantombazane ocansini, njll, ukuhlolwa komzimba kuyinto ingane yakho yengane engayenza. I-American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists incoma ukuthi "amantombazane kufanele abe nokuvakasha kwawo kokuqala kokubeletha phakathi kweminyaka engama-13 neminyaka engu-15.
I-fluoride - izinsana zidinga i-fluoride eyengeziwe, ngokuvamile esuka emanzini amathompi ahlanjululwayo, okuqala lapho eneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala.
IJaji lezithelo - izingane ezineminyaka engama-1 kuya kwengu-6 kumele zilinganiselwe ngaphezu kwama-ounces amane kuya kweziyisithupha zejusi yezithelo ngosuku ngalunye, kanti izingane ezindala kumele zingabi nama-oz kuya ku-12 oz noma ama-2 servings ngosuku. Izinsana ezineminyaka engaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kumele zingabi namanzi kanye nezingane zonyaka wonke kufanele zikhuthazwe ukuba zidle izithelo zonke kunokuphuza ijusi.
Ubisi - izingane kufanele zishintshe ekomelweni eliphansi lokunene uma lineminyaka emibili ubudala, nakuba zingenza ushintsho ekomelweni oluphansi lwezinyosi ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili (uma kungenjalo ukuqhubeka nokuncelisa) uma ukukhuluphala sekuvele kukukhathazeka noma uma kukhona umlando womndeni wokukhuluphala, i-dyslipidemia, noma isifo senhliziyo.
Ama-Pacifiers - ngoba anganciphisa ingozi yengane ye-SIDS, umntwana anganikezwa i-pacifier lapho elala, nakuba kufanele ukubambezele ukunikeza ingane yakho i-pacifier kuze kube yilapho enenyanga eyodwa futhi encelisa kahle. Futhi, akufanele uphoqele ingane yakho ukuba ithathe i-pacifier, futhi akufanele uphinde ufake kabusha i-pacifier emlonyeni wengane yakho uma elele.
I-SIDS - izinsana kufanele zibekwe ukulala emhlane ukuze zinciphise ukunciphisa ingozi yabo ye- SIDS .
Umsebenzi womzimba - izingane kufanele zisebenze ngokomzimba okungenani imizuzu engama-60 ngosuku, kufaka phakathi ukudlala mahhala okusebenzayo (iminyaka engaphansi kwengu-6), imidlalo ehleliwe (iminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyisishiyagalolunye), nokuqeqeshwa kwezemidlalo nezisindo eziyinkimbinkimbi (ama-tweens kanye nentsha ) njengoba bekhula.
I-Vitamin D - abazali akufanele bathembele ekukhanyeni kwelanga ngenxa yezidingo zezingane zabo zevithamini D. Izingane ezingatholi i-vitamin D eyanele ekudleni okutholakala nge-vitamin D, okubandakanya ukubeletha kuphela nezinsana, kufanele zithole isithasiselo se- vitamin D.
Linda-futhi-Bheka - I-AAP idumaza izingane zakudala ukuthi zithathe indlela yokulinda nokubona lapho zihlola izinkinga zokuthuthukiswa kwezingane, ikakhulu lapho abazali bekhathazekile nge-autism.

> Imithombo:

_{Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP.} _{Ukuvimbela Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile Kwezingane kanye nokukhuluphala.} _{I-PEDIATRICS Vol.} _{112 No. 2 Agasti 2003, iphe. 424-430.}

_{Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP.} _{Ukubeletha nokusetshenziswa koMlenze Wabantu.} _{Izingane zokwelapha 2005 115: 496-506.}

_{Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP.} _{I-Lipid Screening ne-Health Cardiovascular Childhood.} _{Izingane zokwelashwa 2008 122: 198-208.}

_{Isiqondiso se-AAP Clinical Practice Guideline.} _{Ukuphathwa kwe-Hyperbilirubinemia ku-Infants 35 entsha noma amaviki amaningi okuGestation.} _{I-PEDIATRICS Vol.} _{114 No. 1 Julayi 2004, iphe. 297-316.}

_{Isiqondiso se-AAP Clinical Practice Guideline.} _{Ukukhomba nokuhlolwa kwezingane ezine-Autism Spectrum Disorders.} _{I-PEDIATRICS Vol.} _{120 No. 5 Novemba 2007, iphe. 1183-1215.}

_I-CDC. _{Ukusetshenziswa kwe-World Health Organisation kanye ne-CDC Growth Charts for Children Ekhulile 0-59 Inyanga e-United States.} _I-MMWR. _{Septemba 10, 2010/59 (rr09); 1-15.}

_I-CDC. _{Izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi, izinkombandlela zokwelapha, 2010. MMWR.} _{Disemba 17, 2010/59 (RR12); 1-110.}

_{Isitatimende sesikhundla se-AAP.} _{Izimiso Nemikhombandlela Yokuqaphela Ukuqala Nokuzwa Nokungenelela Izinhlelo.} _{I-Pediatrics 2007 120: 898-921.}

_{Umbiko wezokwelapha we-AAP.} _{Ukuhlanganisa Ukuqashelwa Nokuphathwa Kokucindezeleka Kwe-Perinatal and Postpartum Kwokuzikhandla Kwezingane.} _{Izingane zokwelashwa 2010 126: 1032-1039.}

_{Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP.} _{Ukuvimbela Ukugcoba.} _{Izingane zokwelashwa 2010 126: 178-185.}

_I-AAP. _{Izincomo Zokunakekelwa Kwezempilo Kwezokuvikela.} _{I-Bright Futures / i-American Academy ye-Pediatrics.} _2008.

_{Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP.} _{I-Ultraviolet Radiation: Ingozi Kubantwana Nezingane Ezitholakalayo.} _{Izingane zokubeletha 2011 127: 588-597.}

_{Umbiko wezokwelapha we-AAP.} _{Ukuhlolwa kweGynecologic for Adolescents in the Setting Office Office.} _{I-PEDIATRICS Vol.} _{126 No. 3 Septemba 2010, iphe. 583-590.}

_{Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP.} _{Ukuhlolwa Kwempilo Yomlomo Wezinyosi Isikhathi Nokusungulwa Kwekhaya Lamazinyo.} _{I-PEDIATRICS Vol.} _{111 No. 5 Meyi 2003, iphe. 1113-1116.}

_{Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP.} _{Ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kabi kweJaji leZithelo ku-Pediatrics.} _{Izingane zokwelashwa 2001 107: 1210-1213.}

_{Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP.} _{Violence Media.} _{Izingane zokwelashwa 2009 124: 1495-1503.}

_{Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP.} _{Isibhedlela Hlalani Nabazali Abantwana Abantwana Abashadile.} _{Izingane zokwelapha 2010 125: 405-409.}

_{Isitatimende senqubomgomo ye-AAP.} _{Imfundo Yezocansi Yezingane Nezingane Zentsha.} _{I-PEDIATRICS Vol.} _{108 No. 2 Agasti 2001, iphe. 498-502.}

_I-CDC. _{Izincomo ezibuyekeziwe ezihlolwe ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV kwabantu abadala, intsha, nabesifazane abakhulelwe ezisekelweni zezempilo.} _I-MMWR. _{September 22, 2006/55 (RR14); 1-17.}