Ukuzala kubhekwa njengamandla okwemvelo okukhulelwa umntwana. Noma kunjalo, ukuzala akufinyeleli kalula kuwo wonke umuntu; cishe amaphesenti angu-11 emibhangqwana izobhekana nokungabi nabantwana -ukungakwazi ukukhulelwa ngokwemvelo emva konyaka owodwa wokulala ocansini okungavimbelwe .
Kunezinto ongayenza ukuze uthuthukise ukuzala kwakho , ukwandise izingqinamba ozothola ukukhulelwa masinyane , futhi unciphise ingozi yokungazalwa .
Uma wazi ngokwengeziwe, kungcono. Ukuzala akuyona nje inkinga yesifazane. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bangathatha izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ukuzala kwabo, futhi kokubili amadoda nabesifazane bangabhekana nokungabi nabantwana.
Uma ubhekene ne-infertility, unesizathu sethemba. Iningi lamabhangqwana lizokwazi ukukhulelwa ngosizo lwezokwelapha , ukuhlinzwa, noma izinguquko zokuphila.
Kulabo abangakholelwa ngisho nangesizo, kukhona okunye okukhethwa kukho ukwakha umndeni noma ukuqhubeka nokuphila kwakho.
Izisekelo zokuzala: Kuthatha ukuthini ukukhulelwa?
Nakhu okubukeziwe okufingqiwe ngalokho okudingeka kwenzeke ukuze umbhangqwana ukhulelwe ngokwemvelo.
- Isistimu yokuzala yokubeletha kufanele ikhiqize i-cascade ye-hormone ezoholela ekuvuthweni kwe-ovulation . Ukuvuthwa yilapho iqanda likhishwa kwelinye lama-ovari. Lokhu kwenzeka kanye ngenyanga ngenyanga yokubeletha komama wesifazane.
- Isistimu yokuzala yomuntu kufanele ikhiqize amaseli wesilisa kuma-testes. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, amangqamuzana omuthi amasha akhiqizwa nsuku zonke.
- Umbhangqwana kufanele ube nobulili (noma okungenani, isilwane kufanele sihlangane nendawo yangasese) phakathi nezinsuku ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuvota .
- Nge-ejaculation, i-sperm in the vas deferens ixutshwe ndawonye ne-semen eyenziwe nge-prostate kanye ne-vesicles ye-seminal. (Ama-testes wesilisa adala amangqamuzana e-sperm, bese kuthi lezo zinhlamvu zamagciwane zigcinwe kuma-vas deferens.) Le nhlanganisela yesidoda kanye nomswakama iphoqelelwa ngaphandle kwepenisi ngokuchungechunge lwezingqinamba zomzimba.
- Ngemuva kokulala ngokocansi, i-semen (efanele) iqoqa endaweni yomlomo wesibeletho . Okulandelayo, amangqamuzana omuthi kufanele agijime aphume emzimbeni aze angene emgqonyeni wesifazane womlomo wesibeletho .
- I-sperm kumele-ke ibhukude ngokuvulwa ngaphakathi kwesibeletho somlomo wesibeletho esibelethweni. Kusukela esibelethweni, isidoda manje siyazibhadulela kuma -tubes falsipian .
- Isibungu esiphezulu nesiphephile (amaphesenti amancane kakhulu esiphezulu) siyohlala isikhathi eside emathinini amathanga kuze kufike iqanda.
- Ngemuva kokuthi iqanda likhishwe kwelinye lama-ovari, liqondiswa ngobumnene emathinini.
- Emathinini omzimba, elinye lamagciwane wesilonda alindile ekugcineni lizibophezela emaqanda. Lesi yisikhathi sokukhulelwa.
- Ngemuva kwe-ovulation, uhlelo lozalo lokubeletha lukhipha i-cocktail entsha ye-hormone eyakha i -endometrium, noma i-uterine lining .
- Iqanda elivundisiwe (noma umbungu) lihamba uchungechunge lwezinhlukana zamaseli.
- Njengoba lokhu kwenzeka, umbungu uqhubeka uhamba ngaphansi kwebhubhisi ye-fallopian esibelethweni.
- Lapho umbungu ufinyelela esibelethweni, ekugcineni uzifaka emgqeni we-uterine , noma i-endometrium. Lokhu kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezine kuya kwezingu-10 emva kokukhulelwa.
- Ngemuva kokufakelwa, umbungu udala amangqamuzana omzimba wesibindi kanye namaseli angenawo. I- hormone gonadotropin ye-chorionic yomuntu (hCG) , noma "i-hormone yokukhulelwa," izoqala ukukhiqizwa.
- Cishe ngesonto elilodwa, noma cishe izinsuku ezingu-14 emva kokuvuthwa kwegazi, kune-HCG eyanele yokujikeleza ukunikeza umphumela omuhle .
Ungayithola Kanjani Ngokushesha Ukukhulelwa?
Ukucabanga ukuthi wena nomlingani wakho nivuthiwe, kukhona izinto ongayenza ukuze ukhulelwe ngokushesha .
Inombolo eyodwa ukukwandisa isikhathi oya ocansini . Ufuna ukulala ocansini ngesikhathi sewindi yakho evundile.
Iwindi elivundile lihlala phakathi kwezinsuku eziyisihlanu nezinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili, futhi kwenzeka ngaphambi nje kokuvunguza. Kukhona ukungaqondi kahle ukuthi ukuvuthwa kwenzeka ngosuku lweshumi nesikhombisa sokuhamba esikhathini. Iqiniso liwukuthi usuku lokuvuthwa kwegazi luhlukahluka kowesifazane kuze kube ngowesifazane.
Abanye bangase baveze masinyane ngosuku lwe-10, abanye bangasekupheleni kwelanga 22.
Uyakwazi ukukhulelwa uma ulala ocansini owodwa kuya kwezinsuku ezimbili ngaphambi kokuba ugqoke. Izinkinga zakho zokukhulelwa ngosuku ngaphambi kokuvuthwa ziphakathi kwamaphesenti angu-21 namaphesenti angama-34. Qhathanisa lokho ezinsukwini ezine ngaphambi kokuvuthwa, uma izinkinga zakho ziphakathi kwamaphesenti angu-8 namaphesenti angu-17.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuthola isikhathi esivundile kakhulu. Izindlela ezimbili ezinhle kakhulu zihlola umcibisholo wakho wesibeletho (kulula kunalokho okuzwakalayo) noma ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-ovulation predictor (futhi kulula kakhulu, kodwa uzodinga ukuthenga amathrekhi wokuhlola.)
Ungase futhi:
- Chart umzimba wakho lokushisa basal
- Hlola izinguquko zesimo somlomo wesibeletho
- Hlanganisa isifiso socansi lomzimba wakho (I-libido yakho iphezulu uma usenomumo ovuthiwe.)
Ungaqhubeka nokwandisa ukuzala kwakho ngokuba nokulala ngokocansi njalo , usebenzisa amakhemikhali abonakalayo abesilisa , futhi ugweme ukuwashisa ( ukuziphatha okuhle kungakhathaliseki) .
Ungazi kanjani Uma Ukhulelwe?
Kulabo besifazane abazama ukukhulelwa, njalo ngenyanga bahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezimbili: ngaphambi kokuvuthwa, uma uzama ukuya ocansini ngaphambi kokukhishwa kweqanda, nangemva kokuvuthwa , uma ulindele ukuthatha ukuhlolwa kokukhulelwa.
Isikhathi sesikhathi esiphakathi kwe-ovulation kanye nesikhathi esilindelekile saziwa ngokuthi amaviki amabili alinde .
Isikhathi esihle sokuthatha ukuhlolwa kokukhulelwa kungenye ilanga emva kwesikhathi sakho. Isibonelo, uma imijikelezo yakho ivame ukuhlala izinsuku ezingama-30, uzofuna ukuthatha ukuhlolwa kokukhulelwa ngosuku 31 noma kamuva.
Kungcono uma ugwema ukuhlolwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakho. Uma uhlola kuqala, awunakwenzeka ukuthola umphumela omuhle ngisho noma ukhulelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungandisa amazinga okucindezeleka.
Ungatshela Uma Ukhulelwe Indlela Ozizwa Ngayo?
Kungenzeka ukuthi uchithe isikhathi ukubuka izimpawu zokukhulelwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi , ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi ukhulelwe ngaphambi kokukhulelwa ngosuku lokuhlola.
Iqiniso liwukuthi awukwazi ukutshela ukuthi ukhulelwe nje ngendlela ozizwa ngayo. Ngesinye isikhathi, abesifazane bazizwa bekhulelwe uma bengekho-futhi ngezinye izikhathi abazizwa bekhulelwe uma bekhona.
Yini Ongayenza Ukuze Uthuthukise Ukuzala Kwakho Ngokuvamile?
Ucwaningo luye lwabona ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokuphila ezinempilo zingaholela ekutheni zikhule kangcono noma okungenani kuncishiswe ingozi yokungasebenzi. Ukwenza izinguquko zokuphila kungase kube nomthelela ekunganeni, futhi akufanele kubhekwe njengendlela efanele yokwelapha. Kufanele ucabange kokubili ukwenza izinguquko zokuphila nokuthola ukunakekelwa kwezempilo.
Isibonelo, uma ama-tubes akho amathanga avinjelwe , ukudla kwakho akusizi ukuthi ukhulelwe ngokwemvelo. Ukudla kungenza noma kungabi ngcono izimo zakho zokwelashwa kokuzala, kodwa okwamanje akukho cwaningo lokufakazela lokhu.
Ezinye izinto ongazenza ezingase zithuthukise ukuzala kwakho zihlanganisa:
- Qinisekisa ukuthi unesisindo esinempilo -sinzima kakhulu noma sincane kakhulu.
- Yidla ukudla okunempilo , eningi nemifino nezithelo eziluhlaza-antioxidant , amafutha enempilo afana namafutha omnqumo namantongomane, namaprotheni anempilo.
- Gwema ukudla okungokomzwelo noma amabhayingi okudla okungenamsoco.
- Thola ukulala ngokwanele ebusuku, ngamahora afanele. (Izisebenzi zasebusuku zingase zibe engozini enkulu yokukhulelwa kwesisu nokungasebenzi.)
- Ukuzivocavoca, kodwa ungapheli umzimba .
- Thatha i- folic acid supplement .
- Yenza imikhuba yengqondo nokuphumula .
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi ungathuthukisa kanjani ukuzala:
- Imikhuba Emibi Yokudonsa Ukuze Uthuthukise Ukuzala Kwakho
- Izindlela Ezi-10 Abantu Bangathuthukisa Ukukhiqiza Kwabo
Kufanele Uzikhathazeke Nini Ngokuzala Kwakho?
Kumele ukhathazeke ngokuzala kwakho uma ngabe okunye kwalokhu okulandelayo kusebenza kuwe:
- Uke waba nobulili obungavimbelwe ngokobulili unyaka owodwa ngaphandle kokukhulelwa.
- Unezimpawu ezibuhlungu noma yiziphi izici eziyingozi zokungasebenzi.
- Uye waba nokulahlekelwa kokubili kokukhulelwa kokubili noma ngaphezulu.
Kufanele uxhumane nodokotela wakho uma ngabe okunye okushiwo ngenhla kufana nesipiliyoni sakho.
Futhi, uma uneminyaka engu-35 noma ngaphezulu , kufanele ubone udokotela wakho uma ungakhulelwa emva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuzala kwakho ngokwemvelo kuyancipha ngokushesha.
Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu zenkinga yokuzala yilezi:
- Imijikelezo engavamile yokuya esikhathini
- Izikhwama ezibi kakhulu zokuya esikhathini
- Izikhathi ezinzima ngokweqile noma ukuphuma kwegazi okungavamile
- Ubuhlungu be-pelvic noma ubuhlungu ngesikhathi socansi
- Ukukhubazeka ngokocansi (kufaka phakathi ukukhubazeka kwe-erectile noma i-libido ephansi)
Akuwona wonke umuntu ozobona izimpawu noma izimpawu zenkinga yokuzala, noma kunjalo. Eqinisweni, kuvamile ukuba umbhangqwana utholakale kuphela ukuthi unenkinga yokuzala ngemva kokuzama ukukhulelwa ayiphumelelanga unyaka. Izimbangela eziningi zokungabi nabantwana "zithule" futhi azikho izimpawu ezicacile.
Yini Engayinciphisa Noma Yonakalise Ukuzala Kwakho?
Kunezinto ezithile ezinganciphisa ukuzala kwakho okulawulayo. Isibonelo, ukubhema kunciphisa ukuzala emadodeni nakwabesifazane , ngakho-ke ukuyeka kuyanconywa (lokhu kanye nezinye izizathu eziningi).
Ezinye izimbangela zokuzala ezincishisiwe azikho ngaphakathi kokulawula kwakho. Isibonelo, ukuzala kufana nebudala. Ngenkathi ungase ukwazi ukuzama futhi ube nezingane ngesikhathi esincane , awukwazi ngempela ukwenza noma yini ukuyeka ukwehla kwe-fertility yobudala.
Nazi ezinye izimbangela zokuzala okunciphise noma ukungabi nalutho:
- Ubudala : Amaphuzu okuzala abesilisa abesifazane ekuqaleni kuka-20, futhi emva kweminyaka engu-35, iqala ukuwohloka ngokushesha . Ukuzala komuntu nakho kwehla ngeminyaka yobudala , nakuba kungeyona into ephawulekayo. Ngenkathi amanye amadoda esakhula ngemuva kweminyaka engama-50, abesifazane ngemuva kokuqeda ukuphuma esikhathini basuke bengenasifo.
- Ukukhuluphala : Ukukhuluphala komzimba kungenye yezimbangela ezibangela ukukhubazeka okuvinjelwe. Ngisho nokuqhathanisa kancane kunganciphisa ukuzala kwesifazane . Ukukhuluphala kungabangela izinkinga ze-ovulation kubantu besifazane futhi kunganciphisa impilo yesilisa kumadoda.
- Imikhuba engafanele yokuphila : Ukubhema, ukuphuza ngokweqile, nezidakamizwa zokuzilibazisa kunganciphisa ukuzala. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kwamadoda nabesifazane. Ngaphansi kokumangalisayo, imikhuba evamile yokuphila engavamile (njengokungatholi ngokwanele ukulala noma ukudla okungenampilo) kunganciphisa kancane ukuzala kwakho.
- Ukutheleleka kwendlela yokuzala : Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bangaba nengane emva kokutheleleka kokuzala. Isizathu esivame kakhulu salezi zifo yizifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STDs). Kulaba besifazane, lokhu kungabangela isifo sokuvuvukala kwe-pelvic (PID) . Amadoda angaphinda ahluleke ngemuva kokuthola i-STD. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izifo ezithathelwanayo zokuzala ezibangelwa ama-STD. Isibonelo, ezinye izinqubo zokwelapha zingabangela ukutheleleka.
- Ukuvinjelwa kwamapheshana okuzala noma okungajwayelekile : Izinkinga ngama-ovari, amashubhu ama-fallopian, noma isibeletho singabangela izinkinga zokuzala kubesifazane. Izimpikiswano ezinama-testes, vas deferens, prostate gland, noma vesicles zemithi zingabangela izinkinga zokuzala komuntu . Ukuvimbela noma ukungajwayelekile kungaba khona kusukela ekuzalweni (okungavamile kokuzalwa), umphumela wokulimala noma izinqubo zokwelapha, noma kwenzeka ngemuva kwesifo noma ukutheleleka. Ngokuvamile, ukuvinjelwa kubangelwa ukunamathela (izicubu ezibomvu).
- Ukungalingani kwamanye amazwe noma izifo zesimiso sokuzala : Ukungalingani kwama-hormones kokubili amadoda nabesifazane kunganciphisa ukuzala noma kubangele ukungabi nabantwana. Isibonelo, i- endometriosis , i- polycystic ovarian syndrome , nokuhluleka kwe-ovarian ngaphambi kwesikhathi (eyaziwa nangokuthi ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-ovarian) kungaholela ekungeneni kwesifazane. I-testosterone ephansi ingabangela ukungabi nabesilisa.
- Izifo ezithintekayo noma isifo : Ngisho noma isifo asihlobene ngokuqondile nesimiso sokuzala, singasenza nomthelela wokuzala. Ezinye izifo nezifo ezingalashwa zingabangela ukungabi nabantwana kumadoda noma abesifazane. Isibonelo, isifo se- c eliac singaholela ekungabhubhi uma umuntu noma owesifazane edla i-gluten . Ukungaboni kahle kwesifo sikashukela noma ukungalingani kwe-thyroid kungabangela ukungabi nalutho.
- Imiphumela yemithi: Imithi ethile inganciphisa ukuzala emadodeni nakwabesifazane. Isibonelo, imishanguzo yokungena emithonjeni yomzimba ingayomisa i-mucus yomlomo wesibeletho. Amanye ama-anti-depressants angabangela izinkinga zokuzala kubantu.
- Ukwelapha umdlavuza : Ukukhuluma ngemiphumela emibi, ukwelashwa komdlavuza kunganciphisa ukuzala noma kubangele ukungabi namuntu emadodeni nakwabesifazane. Kuncike ekunakekeleni imithi yomdlavuza. Kungenzeka ukhiphe umuthi, amaqanda, noma ama-embungu ngaphambi kokwelashwa komdlavuza.
- Izimbangela ezingalindelekile : Cishe eyodwa emibhangqwaneni emine ayitholanga ukuthi kungani engakwazi ukukhulelwa. Lokhu kwaziwa njengokungabonakali okungaqondakali .
Ubani Ongasiza Futhi Okuthintekayo Ekuvivinyweni Kwesizalo?
Uma ungowesifazane futhi ukhathazekile ukuthi ungase ube nenkinga yokuzala, umuntu wokuqala okufanele ukhulume naye ngumama wakho wezinkinga zokubeletha . Amadoda kufanele abone i-urologist.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi nonke nivivinywa. Qinisekisa ukuthi udokotela wakho uhlaziya isilwane somlingani wakho futhi akahlolisi kuphela ukuzala kwakho. Ukungabi namuntu okungabesilisa kungabodwa noma kuhlangene nokungabi nabesifazane okungesizathu sokuthi kungani umbhangqwana ungakwazi ukukhulelwa okungenani amaphesenti angu-40 yesikhathi.
Ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kokuzala kuhilela ukusebenza kwegazi, ukuhlaziywa kwesilisa kumuntu, kanye ne -HSG yowesifazane (okuyi-X-ray ekhethekile ekhombisa ukuthi ngabe ama-tublopian tubes avuliwe noma cha.)
Uma uzizwa ukhathazekile ngokuhlolwa kokuzala, awuwedwa. Zama ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuhlolwa yisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthola usizo.
Kuye ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwakho kokuzala, udokotela wakho angase azame ukuniphatha ngemithi yokwelapha ephansi ( njenge-Clomid ), noma udokotela wakho angakunikeza ngqo ku-endocrinologist yokubeletha.
I- endocrinologist yokuzala izithelo zenye uhlobo lobuchwepheshe bokuzala. Ngokuvamile basebenza emtholampilo wokuzala, kanye nabanye ochwepheshe bokuzala, odokotela, nabahlengikazi. Uma usubhekiselwe emtholampilo wokuzala, ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kungenziwa.
Yiziphi izinketho onayo zokunakekelwa kokuzala?
Izinketho zokwelapha zakho zokuzala zizoxhomeka esibangele ukungabi nabantwana.
Amanye amathuba afaka phakathi ...
- Izinguquko zokuphila
- Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo
- Ukwelashwa kwesimo sezempilo esingaphansi
- Ukushintsha imithi, uma umphumela ohlangothini unciphisa ukuzala; ungalokothi ushintshe noma uyeke ukuthatha imithi ngaphandle kwengxoxo nodokotela wakho
- Ukuhlinzwa
- Imithi yokwelapha yomlomo, njenge- Clomid noma i- letrozole
- Imithi yokwelapha engakhiwa
- Insemination, i- intrauterine insemination ejwayelekile kakhulu (IUI)
- In vitro fertilization (IVF)
- Ukukhiqizwa kwezinkampani zangaphandle (usebenzisa i-egg donor, umsizi wombungu, umnikezeli wesilisa, noma umlingisi )
Imibhangqwana engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kuya kwezingu-90 iphathwa ngemithi noma ukuhlinzwa. I-IVF ayidingekile eningi lamabhangqwana angenasifo.
Izindleko zokunakekela ukwelashwa ziyahlukahluka futhi zizobuye zithembele ekuthwaleni kwakho umshuwalense.
Nakuba ukwelashwa kwe-Clomid kungabizi kakhulu (phakathi kuka-$ 10 no-$ 50 ngomjikelezo wezokwelapha eziyisisekelo), umjikelezo wokujova ungadla ama-dollar ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, futhi umjikelezo wezokwelapha we-IVF ubiza u-$ 15,000, ngokwesilinganiso.
Ukuphathwa kokwelashwa kungabuye kube nzima. Kubalulekile ukuthi ufunde ukuthola usizo futhi uthathe isikhathi sokuzinakekela.
Kuthiwani Uma Ungafuni Ukuphishekela Ukwelashwa Kwenzalo?
Akuwona wonke umuntu okhetha ukuphishekela ukwelashwa kokuzala. Kanti futhi, imibhangqwana ethile izokwenqabela ukuyeka ukuphishekela ukwelashwa ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene .
Izinketho ngaphandle kokuphathwa kokwelapha zihlanganisa:
- Ukuqhubeka uzame ngokwakho ngokwemvelo
- Ukucabangela ukukhulisa izingane
- Ukucabangela ukutholwa
- Ukuphila impilo engenabantwana
Ukungabi nezingane zakho eziphilayo akusho ukuthi awukwazi ukuhileleka empilweni yengane. Ngesikhathi ukuhlala eduze nezingane kungase kube buhlungu phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala zokungazalwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amadoda nabesifazane abathile bathola ukuzibandakanya nezingane ukuba babe nokuphulukiswa kokuphulukiswa.
Ungabhekana Kanjani Nokucindezeleka Kwezinkinga Zokuzala?
Uma ungakhulelwa ngokushesha njengoba kulindeleke, kuvamile ukubhekana nokucindezeleka . Ucwaningo luye lwabona ukuthi abesifazane abanokuhlangenwe nakho kokubeletha abanamazinga afana nokucindezeleka kwengqondo njengalabo ababhekene nomdlavuza, i-HIV, nobuhlungu obungapheli.
Ukubhekana nokungabi nabantwana akulula. Qiniseka ukuthi uzizinakekele kahle . Izindlela zokwelapha zomzimba ezinjenge-yoga nokukhwabanisa kunganciphisa ukucindezeleka kokuzala, njengoba kungabona umeluleki oqeqeshiwe .
Futhi qiniseka ukuthi uthola usizo oluvela kwabanye abazama ukuzama ukuthola ( abazoqonda ukuthi uvelaphi) nabangani bakho "abavuthiwe be-Myrtle".
Izwi elivela ku-Verywell
Noma yini oyenzayo, sicela ungagcini izinkinga zakho zokuzala . Asikho isizathu sokuba namahloni , futhi akudingeki ukuba ubhekane nokungabi nabantwana kuphela. Abantu bafuna ukusiza. Bavumele.
> Imithombo:
> Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner B, Willett WC. "Ukufundwa Okulindelekile Kokudla Kwezimayini Nokungenwa Kwegazi." Ukukhiqizwa kwabantu. 2007 Meyi; 22 (5): 1340-7. Epub 2007 Feb 28.
> Labak, Susan; I-Lava, uSusan; U-Turek, uFred; UZee, uPhyllis. "Imiphumela Yokwenza Ukulala Nokusebenza Kwesikhashana Emanesi." Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwabesifazane bamazwe ngamazwe. Septemba 2002; 23: 6 & 7: 703-14.
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